The utilization of plant by-products as functional food ingredients has received increasing attention in the last decade. One such by-product generated during milk thistle oil pressing is oilseed cakes, which could be used as a novel food ingredient. Therefore, the study aimed at investigating the effects of the addition of milk thistle oilseed cake (MTOC) flour fractions obtained via dry sieving, differing in particle size (unsieved; coarse: >710 µm; medium: 315−710 µm; and fine: <315 µm), on the quality of gluten-free bread and stability of silymarin during breadmaking. The 10% addition of the fractions into gluten-free bread increased the protein, fibre, fat, ash and silymarin content. The breads with the coarse fraction had the highest content of fibre, whereas the breads with the fine fraction excelled in protein, fat and ash content. The medium fraction was characterized as the richest source of silymarin, whilst the fine fraction was the poorest. Silymarin constituents were slightly released during dough rising but also partially decomposed during baking; moreover, silydianin was the most susceptible and degraded the most. The enriched breads had better sensory and textural properties compared to the control bread. The results suggest that MTOC flour fractions can improve the potential health benefits and nutritional profile of gluten-free bread.

• Klíčová slova
• baking, dough rising, dry sieving, gluten-free bread, nutrition profile, oilseed cake flour, sensory analysis, silymarin stability,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We investigated the effect of soil spatial variability within the sampling site scale, the effects of sample sieving (1, 2 and 4mm), and storage conditions up to 32 weeks (wet at 4 degrees C, -20 degrees C and air dried) on microbial biomass C, respiration, ammonification and nitrification activities in arable, grassland and forest soil. In general, all results were dependent on soil type. Arable soil showed the highest spatial variability, followed by grassland and forest soil. Sieving did not cause large differences; however, higher biomass C and respiration activity were observed in the 1mm than in the 4mm fraction. Storage at 4 degrees C seemed to be the most appropriate up to 8 weeks showing only minor changes of microbial parameters. Freezing of soils resulted in large increase of respiration. Dried storage indicated disruption of microbial communities even after 2 weeks.

• MeSH
• amoniak analýza   MeSH
• balení výrobků MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• dusík analýza   MeSH
• lyofilizace MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• půda analýza   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• uhlík analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• půda MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

• MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lyofilizace MeSH
• sérový albumin * MeSH
• skot MeSH
• sulfobromoftalein * MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sérový albumin * MeSH
• sulfobromoftalein * MeSH

• MeSH
• Aspergillus enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• autolýza MeSH
• bezbuněčný systém MeSH
• chemická precipitace MeSH
• chromatografie DEAE-celulózová MeSH
• fungální proteiny analýza   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• lyofilizace MeSH
• močovina farmakologie   MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• nukleosidy farmakologie   MeSH
• nukleotidy farmakologie   MeSH
• ribonukleasy antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• síran amonný MeSH
• spektrofotometrie MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• nukleosidy MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• ribonukleasy MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• síran amonný MeSH

A substance, inhibiting the production of haemolysins against sheep erythrocytes in mice was isolated from two non-pathogenic strains of E. coli, 020:K4 and M-17, by the methods of differential centrifugation and gel filtration. Spectrophotometric studies and chemical analysis have shown the isolated substance to be glycolipid. The immunodepressive substance is localized in the cytoplasm of the microbial cell. The isolated and partly purified immunodepressive substance did not contain any admixture of O-antigen (endotoxin) of the cell wall or of antigens giving cross reactions with sheep erythrocytes. The isolated substance exhibited weak antigenic properties and was not toxic for mice when administered in a dose of 2 mg (dry weight).

• MeSH
• antigeny analýza   MeSH
• erytrocyty imunologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli imunologie   MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• imunodifuze MeSH
• imunosupresivní léčba * MeSH
• inbrední kmeny myší MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ovce imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny MeSH

• MeSH
• biologické markery moč   MeSH
• chromatografie iontoměničová MeSH
• gelová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• glukosa antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lyofilizace MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• nemoci ledvin moč   MeSH
• pseudouridin moč   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• uridin analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• pseudouridin MeSH
• uridin MeSH

The production of phytase and associated feed enzymes (phosphatase, xylanase, CMCase, alpha-amylase and beta-glucosidase) was determined in a thermotolerant fungus Mucor indicus MTCC 6333, isolated from composting soil. Solid-substrate culturing on wheat bran and optimizing other culture conditions (C and N sources, level of N, temperature, pH, culture age, inoculum level), increased the yield of phytase from 266 +/- 0.2 to 513 +/- 0.4 nkat/g substrate dry mass. The culture extract also contained 112, 194, 171, 396, and 333 nkat/g substrate of phosphatase, xylanase, CMCase, beta-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities, respectively. Simple 2-step purification employing anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography resulted in 21.9-fold purified phytase. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 6.0 and 70 degrees C, respectively. The phytase was thermostable under acidic conditions, showing 82% residual activity after exposure to 60 degrees C at pH 3.0 and 5.0 for 2 h, and displayed broad substrate specificity. The Km was 200 nmol/L and v(lim) of 113 nmol/s per mg protein with dodecasodium phytate as substrate. In vitro feed trial with feed enzyme resulted in the release of 1.68 g inorganic P/kg of feed after 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C.

• MeSH
• 6-fytasa chemie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• alfa-amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná stěna metabolismus   MeSH
• celulasa metabolismus   MeSH
• endo-1,4-beta-xylanasy metabolismus   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• hydrolasy metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• Mucor enzymologie   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• potravní vláknina mikrobiologie   MeSH
• průmyslová mikrobiologie * MeSH
• stabilita enzymů MeSH
• substrátová specifita MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 6-fytasa MeSH
• alfa-amylasy MeSH
• carboxymethylcellulase MeSH Prohlížeč
• celulasa MeSH
• endo-1,4-beta-xylanasy MeSH
• hydrolasy MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• potravní vláknina MeSH

• MeSH
• agar MeSH
• chemická precipitace MeSH
• erytrocyty imunologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• gelová chromatografie MeSH
• hemoglobiny izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hemolýza MeSH
• iontová výměna MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• koně imunologie   MeSH
• krevní proteiny izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• krystalizace MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lyofilizace MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• síran amonný MeSH
• sulfonamidy antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• agar MeSH
• hemoglobiny MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• síran amonný MeSH
• sulfonamidy MeSH

The most commonly used homogeneous catalyst for fatty acid esterification is a corrosive sulphuric acid. However, this requires costly investment in non-corrosive equipment, presents a safety risk, is time consuming, and increases effluent generation. In this study, inorganic 3D heteroborane cluster strong acids are employed for the first time as homogeneous catalysts. Three novel isomeric tetrachlorido and tetrabromido derivatives of 3,3'-commo-bis[undecahydrido-closo-1,2-dicarba-3-cobaltadodecaborate](1-) [1-] were synthesised and fully characterised using a range of analytical techniques, including NMR, TLC, HPLC, MS, UV-Vis, melting point (MP), CHN analyses, and XRD. Ultimately, H3O[8,8'-Cl2-1-] was identified as the most efficient, reusable, and non-corrosive homogeneous catalyst for the esterification of four fatty acids. The reactions are conducted in an excess of alcohol at reflux. The effective absorption of water vapour provided by the molecular sieves maximises acid conversion. The hydrophobic dye Sudan black B was employed as an acid-base indicator to facilitate a comparison of the H0 acidity function of sulphuric acid and halogenated heteroboranoic acids when dissolved together in methanol. The 23Na NMR analysis demonstrated that the application of dry methanol resulted in the displacement of Na+ ions from zeolite, which subsequently exchanged the H3O+ ions of the acid. This process led to a gradual reduction in the efficiency of the catalysts, particularly with repeated use. The solution to this issue is to regenerate the catalyst on the ion exchanger following each reaction. In contrast to the published methods, our new approach meets 10 of 12 green chemistry principles.

• Klíčová slova
• FAEE, FAME, acidity function, cobalt bis-dicarbollide, esterification, green chemistry, sulphuric acid,
• MeSH
• anionty MeSH
• esterifikace MeSH
• ethanol * chemie   MeSH
• halogenace MeSH
• katalýza MeSH
• kobalt * chemie   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny * chemie   MeSH
• methanol * chemie   MeSH
• organokovové sloučeniny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anionty MeSH
• cobalt bis-dicarbollide MeSH Prohlížeč
• ethanol * MeSH
• kobalt * MeSH
• mastné kyseliny * MeSH
• methanol * MeSH
• organokovové sloučeniny MeSH