Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) as a phytotherapeutic agent used in otoneurology, psychiatry, and ophthalmology. We studied the efficacy of therapy with EGb 761 in 72 patients (44 male and 28 female) with chronic cochleovestibular disorders. We used pure-tone audiology, measuring pure-tone average, speech reception threshold, and speech discrimination score. Then we used craniocorpography to measure lateral body sway and angular deviation. Finally, we used nystagmography (central nystagmic frequency). Also, we assessed subjectively the variation in patients' comfort. We concluded that EGb 761 has a very good effect on both postural and oculovestibular reflexes. Also, hearing was improved, and patients' comfort was considered to be heightened by the therapy.
- MeSH
- Audiometry MeSH
- Electronystagmography MeSH
- Phytotherapy * MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba * MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Plant Extracts therapeutic use MeSH
- Auditory Threshold drug effects MeSH
- Vestibular Diseases drug therapy physiopathology MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Ginkgo biloba extract MeSH Browser
- Plant Extracts MeSH
Having different number if genome copies affect transcription and metabolite production of plants. This may be due to different gene transcription and protein expression, but the reasons for this remains poorly known. Here we measured flavonoid content in leaves of three haploid and diploid grafted plants of Ginkgo biloba, a model gymnosperm important economically for its flavonoid content. We reported the first combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the difference in flavonoid content in three haploid ginkgos to investigate the effect of haploidy. Haploids had always smaller leaves and flavonoid content than the diploids. The selected haploid had also generally lower gene dosage than the selected diploid, with 1149 up-regulated (46.8 %) and 1309 down-regulated (53.2 %) among 2452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Of 686 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) detected, 289 proteins (42.1 %) were upregulated, and 397 proteins (57.9 %) were downregulated in haploids. A particular attention deserves the downregulation of PAL, PAM, FLS, OMT1 hub genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation. Our study confirms the trend of haploids to have lower metabolic contents and points that lower flavonoid content in ginkgo monoploids could be due to reduced dosage of the corresponding regulatory genes and downregulation of genes involved in flavonoid synthesis.
- Keywords
- Flavonoid content, Gene dose, Haploid ginkgo, Hub genes, Proteome, Transcriptome,
- MeSH
- Flavonoids metabolism MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba * genetics MeSH
- Haploidy MeSH
- Proteome genetics MeSH
- Proteomics MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant MeSH
- Transcriptome * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Flavonoids MeSH
- Proteome MeSH
As a representative of gymnosperms, the discovery of natural haploids of Ginkgo biloba L. has opened a new door for its research. Haploid germplasm has always been a research material of interest to researchers because of its special characteristics. However, we do not yet know the special features and mechanisms of haploid ginkgo following this significant discovery. In this study, we conducted a homogenous garden experiment on haploid and diploid ginkgo to explore the differences in growth, physiology and biochemistry between the two. Additionally, a high-depth transcriptome database of both was established to reveal their transcriptional differences. The results showed that haploid ginkgo exhibited weaker growth potential, lower photosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation capacity. Although the up-regulated expression of DEGs in haploid ginkgo reached 46.7% of the total DEGs in the whole transcriptome data, the gene sets of photosynthesis metabolic, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, which were significantly related to these differences, were found to show a significant down-regulated expression trend by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We further found that the major metabolic pathways in the haploid ginkgo transcriptional database were down-regulated in expression compared to the diploid. This study reveals for the first time the phenotypic, growth and physiological differences in haploid ginkgos, and demonstrates their transcriptional patterns based on high-depth transcriptomic data, laying the foundation for subsequent in-depth studies of haploid ginkgos.
- Keywords
- gene dosage, ginkgo, haploid, mechanism, transcriptome,
- MeSH
- Flavonoids metabolism MeSH
- Gene Dosage MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba * genetics MeSH
- Haploidy MeSH
- Plant Leaves metabolism MeSH
- Transcriptome * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Flavonoids MeSH
- Keywords
- dioecy, fossil plants, genome size, gymnosperms, medicinal plants, polyploidy, stomatal size,
- MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba genetics MeSH
- Polyploidy * MeSH
- Publication type
- Letter MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The aim of this study was to determine the amount of phenol compounds in tinctures prepared from Ginkgo leaves, Echinacea plant, and Ginseng roots and to evaluate the antioxidative activity of these preparations. We studied the antioxidative activity using the standard 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical cation scavenging and tyrosine nitration inhibition tests. The obtained findings showed that the amount of phenol compounds in the studied tinctures differed and ranged between 114 to 340+/-29 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg/100 mL. We found that the amount of phenol compounds in Ginkgo tincture was statistically significantly greater than that in Echinacea or Ginseng tinctures. The effectiveness of Ginkgo tincture was by 52.7% (P<0.01) lower (from 1343+/-11 mumol catechin/100 mL solution to 637+/-64 catechin/100 mL solution), compared to Echinacea tincture. Ginseng tincture was the weakest scavenger of free radicals--only 8+/-1 micromol catechin/100 mL solution. The inhibition of tyrosine nitration was by 34% (P<0.01) greater in Echinacea tincture, compared to Ginkgo tincture (from 892+/-36 micromol catechin/100 mL solution to 588+/-17 micromol catechin/100 mL solution). Ginseng tincture was the weakest inhibitor of tyrosine nitration--only 20+/-8 micromol catechin/100 mL solution, which was by 44.6 times less, compared to Echinacea tincture. Tests on DPPH. radical cation scavenging and inhibition of nitration showed that the antioxidative activity of Echinacea tincture was statistically significantly greater compared to that of Ginkgo or Ginseng tinctures. This allows us to conclude that antioxidative activity is determined not only by phenol compounds, but also by a complex of other components of medicinal raw material.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants analysis MeSH
- Echinacea chemistry MeSH
- Phenols analysis MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba chemistry MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
- Plant Preparations chemistry MeSH
- Free Radical Scavengers analysis MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Panax chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Evaluation Study MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Antioxidants MeSH
- Phenols MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Plant Preparations MeSH
- Free Radical Scavengers MeSH
Ginkgo biloba, traditional Chinese medicine is now generally accepted. Separation and determination of active components in G. biloba is important for the product quality control. Therefore, the development of an effective and reliable separation method is important. In this work, a new capillary electrophoretic (CZE) method for separation of the G. biloba leaf extracts components was developed and optimized by the use of experimental design and artificial neural network (ANN). Under best separation conditions, in gamma-CD-modified buffer, the separation was reached within 10 min (36 mM borate BGE, pH 9.2, 1 mM gamma-CD), while the hydrodynamic mode for sample injection (2 s) and UV detection at 270 nm were applied. The method developed was validated and applied for analysis of various extracts and G. biloba products.
- MeSH
- Cyclodextrins chemistry MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary * instrumentation methods MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba chemistry MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Preparations analysis MeSH
- Plants, Medicinal chemistry MeSH
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neural Networks, Computer * MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Plant Extracts chemistry MeSH
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Evaluation Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Cyclodextrins MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Preparations MeSH
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal MeSH
- Plant Extracts MeSH
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is one of the most distinctive plants, characterized by excellent resistance to various environmental conditions. It is used as an ornamental plant and is recognized as a medicinal plant in both traditional and Western medicine. Its bioactive potential is associated with the presence of flavonoids and terpene trilactones, but many other compounds may also have synergistic effects. Flavonoid dimers-biflavonoids-are important constituents of ginkgophytopharmaceuticals. Currently, the presence of 13 biflavonoids has been reported in ginkgo, of which amentoflavone, bilobetin, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin and isoginkgetin are the most common. Their role in plants remains unknown, but their bioactivity and potential role in the management of human health are better investigated. In this review, we have provided an overview of the chemistry, diversity and biological factors that influence the presence of biflavonoids in ginkgo, as well as their bioactive and health-related properties. We have focused on their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as their potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlighted their potential toxicity and pointed out further research directions.
- Keywords
- Ginkgo biloba L., amentoflavone, biflavonoids, bilobetin, bioactive compounds, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin,
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Background Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® and pentoxifylline are frequently prescribed for the treatment of tinnitus. Objective To compare the treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761R and pentoxifylline. Setting The study was performed at Department of Otorhinolaryngology of University Hospital Královské Vinohrady and 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague. Method Patients with sub-chronic or chronic tinnitus were enrolled in double-blind trial and randomized to receive 120 mg EGb 761® or 600 mg pentoxifylline, each twice a day and in double-dummy fashion over a 12-week period. Main outcome measure changes in 11-Point Box Scales for tinnitus loudness and annoyance, the abridged Tinnitus Questionnaire (Mini-TQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Results Full analysis set for efficacy analysis comprised 197 patients (EGb 761®, 99; pentoxifylline 98). For both treatment groups, significant improvements were observed in the Mini-TQ, the 11-Point Box Scales for tinnitus loudness and annoyance, the HADS anxiety score and the SDS. There was no relevant difference with regard to tinnitus-related outcomes between the two treatment groups. 20 adverse events were documented in EGb 761® group and 36 adverse events were reported for pentoxifylline group. No serious adverse event was reported during the study. Conclusion EGb 761® and pentoxifylline were similarly effective in reducing the loudness and annoyance of tinnitus as well as overall suffering of the patients. The incidence of adverse events was lower in the EGb 761® group.
- Keywords
- Effectiveness, Ginkgo biloba, Pentoxifylline, Tinnitus,
- MeSH
- Chronic Disease MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Double-Blind Method MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Pentoxifylline adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales MeSH
- Plant Extracts adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Tinnitus drug therapy physiopathology psychology MeSH
- Vasodilator Agents adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Ginkgo biloba extract MeSH Browser
- Pentoxifylline MeSH
- Plant Extracts MeSH
- Vasodilator Agents MeSH
The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) applied in vitro to hippocampal synaptosomes from young Wistar rats on the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HCh-3), high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and activity of Na+,K(+)-ATPase were examined. EGb at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml markedly elevated the specific binding of [3H]HCh-3 (to 306%) and moderately elevated HACU values (to 115%). Scatchard analysis revealed an increase in the Bmax for [3H]HCh-3 binding. Lineweaver-Burk analysis an increase in the Vmax for choline uptake. No marked changes in the activity of the sodium pump were discovered. EGb was not able to influence the specific 'second messenger' effect of arachidonic acid.
- MeSH
- Serotonin Antagonists pharmacology MeSH
- Cholinergic Fibers drug effects MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba MeSH
- Hippocampus drug effects MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Rats, Wistar MeSH
- Presynaptic Terminals drug effects MeSH
- Plant Extracts pharmacology MeSH
- In Vitro Techniques MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Serotonin Antagonists MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba extract MeSH Browser
- Plant Extracts MeSH
- MeSH
- Dermatitis, Occupational diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Dermatitis, Contact diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Skin Tests MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Trees * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- English Abstract MeSH
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
