The recent renaissance of psychedelic science has reignited interest in the similarity of drug-induced experiences to those more commonly observed in psychiatric contexts such as the schizophrenia-spectrum. This report from a multidisciplinary working group of the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research (ICHR) addresses this issue, putting special emphasis on hallucinatory experiences. We review evidence collected at different scales of understanding, from pharmacology to brain-imaging, phenomenology and anthropology, highlighting similarities and differences between hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Finally, we attempt to integrate these findings using computational approaches and conclude with recommendations for future research.

• Klíčová slova
• Bayesian, computational, hallucinations, psychedelics, psychosis, serotonin,
• MeSH
• halucinace chemicky indukované   diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• halucinogeny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• halucinogeny MeSH

BACKGROUND: Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) diminishes auditory hallucinations (AHs). The aims of our study were a) to assess the efficacy of LF-rTMS in a randomized, sham-controlled double-blind alignment, b) to identify the electrophysiological changes accompanying the LF-rTMS, and c) to identify the influence of LF-rTMS on brain functional connectivity (FC). METHODS: Nineteen schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic-resistant AHs were randomized to either active (n = 10) or sham (n = 9) LF-rTMS administered over the left temporo-parietal region for ten days. The clinical effect was assessed by the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). The localization of the differences in electrical activity was identified by standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) and FC was measured by lagged phase synchronization. RESULTS: AHRS scores were significantly improved for patients receiving active rTMS compared to the sham (median reduction: 40 % vs 12 %; p = 0.01). sLORETA revealed a decrease of alpha-2, beta-1,-2 bands in the left hemisphere in the active group. Active rTMS led to a decrease of the lagged phase connectivity in beta bands originating in areas close to the site of stimulation, and to a prevailing increase of alpha-2 FC. No significant differences in current density or FC were observed in the sham group. LIMITATIONS: Limitations to our study included the small group sizes, and the disability of LORETA to assess subcortical neuronal activity. CONCLUSIONS: LF-rTMS attenuated AHs and induced a decrease of higher frequency bands on the left hemisphere. The FC changes support the assumption that LF-rTMS is linked to the modulation of cortico-cortical coupling.

• Klíčová slova
• Auditory hallucinations, EEG, Functional connectivity, LORETA, Lagged phase synchronization, Low-frequency rTMS, Schizophrenia, Source localization,
• MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• halucinace terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• schizofrenie * MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CLINICAL RESEARCH *, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY *, HALLUCINATIONS *, HEARING *, HYPNOSIS *, SUGGESTION *, VOCAL CORDS *,
• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum * MeSH
• elektromyografie * MeSH
• halucinace * MeSH
• hlasové řasy * MeSH
• hypnóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sluch * MeSH
• sugesce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• HALLUCINATIONS *,
• MeSH
• bludy * MeSH
• halucinace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitární nemoci * MeSH
• parazitární onemocnění kůže * MeSH
• syndrom * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ELECTROMYOGRAPHY *, HALLUCINATIONS *, SPEECH *,
• MeSH
• elektromyografie * MeSH
• halucinace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurofyziologie * MeSH
• řeč * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We report a case of a girl with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) who experienced a 3-hour episode of nocturnal complex bizarre visual hallucinations when treated with 18 mg Osmotic Release Oral System (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH). Nocturnal polysomnography performed two weeks later revealed REM sleep reduction (17%) and fragmentation . Two episodes of confusional arousals were recorded. This finding is typical of parasomnia associated with NREM sleep - disorder of arousal. We hypothesize that this preexisting sleep impairment represents a factor of vulnerability to MPH sleep side effects. In our search of literature, we found no report of nocturnal hallucination alone during treatment with stimulants.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• halucinace chemicky indukované   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methylfenidát aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• poruchy se sníženou pozorností a vyrušováním komplikace   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• spánková deprivace komplikace   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methylfenidát MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• HALLUCINATIONS *,
• MeSH
• halucinace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• alkoholové delirium patofyziologie   MeSH
• halucinace patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy patofyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations are characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia with high clinical importance. It was repeatedly reported that low frequency (

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrická stimulace metody   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• elektromagnetické jevy metody   MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 farmakokinetika   MeSH
• halucinace etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   účinky záření   MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• tomografie emisní počítačová metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Psychotic symptoms in BPD are not uncommon, and they are diverse and phenomenologically similar to those in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Despite their prevalence in BPD patients, knowledge about the characteristics and severity of hallucinations is limited, especially in modalities other than auditory. AIM: This review summarises the causes, phenomenology, severity, and treatment options of hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in BPD. METHODS: The PubMed database was used with the following key terms: "borderline personality disorder" and 'hallucinations' and "psychotic symptoms". Articles were selected between January 1990 and May 2021. The primary keyword search yielded a total of 545 papers, of which 102 articles met the inclusion criteria and were fully screened. Papers from the primary source reference lists were also screened, assessed for eligibility, and then added to the primary documents where appropriate (n = 143). After the relevance assessment, 102 papers were included in the review. We included adult and adolescent studies to gather more recent reviews on this topic. RESULTS: Hallucinations are significantly prevalent in BPD, mainly auditory, similar to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The relationship between hallucinations and depression, anxiety, suicidality, schizotypy, and loneliness in BPD has been discovered but requires more research. Studies for treatment options for hallucinations in BPD are lacking. CONCLUSION: Recognition of psychotic symptoms in patients with BPD as distinguished psychopathological phenomena instead of diminishing and overlooking them is essential in the clinical assessment and can be useful in predicting complications during treatment. More focused research in this area is needed.

• Klíčová slova
• borderline personality disorder, hallucinations, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, psychotic symptoms, treatment,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH