Turnover of fungal biomass in forest litter and soil represents an important process in the environment. To date, knowledge of mycelial decomposition has been derived primarily from short-term studies, and the guild of mycelium decomposers has been poorly defined. Here, we followed the fate of the fruiting bodies of an ectomycorrhizal fungus in litter and soil of a temperate forest over 21 wk. The community of associated microbes and enzymatic processes in this specific substrate were described. The decomposition of fungal fruiting bodies exhibited biphasic kinetics. The rapid initial phase, which included the disappearance of DNA, was followed by a slower turnover of the recalcitrant fraction. Compared with the surrounding litter and soil, the mycelium represented a hotspot of activity of several biopolymer-degrading enzymes and high bacterial biomass. Specific communities of bacteria and fungi were associated with decomposing mycelium. These communities differed between the initial and late phases of decomposition. The bacterial community associated with decomposing mycelia typically contained the genera Pedobacter, Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Chitinophaga, Ewingella and Stenotrophomonas, whereas the fungi were mostly nonbasidiomycetous r-strategists of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mortierella, Cladosporium and several others. Decomposing ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium exhibits high rates of decomposition and represents a specific habitat supporting a specific microbial community.

• Klíčová slova
• bacteria, decomposition, enzyme activity, fungi, mycelium turnover, soil, temperate forest,
• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva * MeSH
• mycelium metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) marker Ta0 with hydrolysis probe ("TaqMan"), targeted to the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, has been developed for quantification of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) mycelium. Gene copy concentrations determined by the qPCR were calibrated against pure culture mycelium of T. aestivum, enabling quantification of the mycelium in soil and in host roots from the fields. Significant concentrations of the fungus were observed not only in the finest roots with ectomycorrhizae but also in other root types, indicating that the fungus is an important component of the microbial film at the root surface. The concentration of T. aestivum in soil is relatively high compared to other ectomycorrhizal fungi. To evaluate the reliability of the measurement of the soil mycelium density using qPCR, the steady basal extracellular concentration of the stabilized T. aestivum DNA should be known and taken into account. Therefore, we addressed the stability of the qPCR signal in soil subjected to different treatments. After the field soil was sieved, regardless of whether it was dried/rewetted or not, the T. aestivum DNA was quickly decomposed. It took just about 4 days to reach a steady concentration. This represents a conserved pool of T. aestivum DNA and determines detection limit of the qPCR quantification in our case. When the soil was autoclaved and recolonized by saprotrophic microorganisms, this conserved DNA pool was eliminated and the soil became free of T. aestivum DNA.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• mycelium genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mykorhiza genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA fungální MeSH

The synergetic effect of organic (cow manure) and mineral fertilization on the development arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was demonstrated. The length of AM mycelium and sporulation were used as sensitive markers of the physiological state of soil AM fungal population. In manured treatments, both parameters increased in proportion with increasing mineral fertilization. In unmanured soil, the opposite trend was observed for the length of AM hyphae, which decreased with increasing mineral fertilization. Correlation analysis showed the dependence of length of AM hyphae and sporulation on soil available phosphorus. The correlation was negative in soil with no mineral fertilization and positive in soil supplied with luxury doses of mineral fertilizer.

• MeSH
• houby růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• minerály * MeSH
• mycelium růst a vývoj   MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
• spory hub izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• minerály * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH

Sorption properties of Streptomyces noursei mycelium for copper ions were compared with the accumulation competence of dried and native yeast (Candida utilis) biomass. The copper sorption capacity of S. noursei after optimization was found to be higher than that of the two other adsorbents (dried yeast biomass 82 %, native Candida cells 48 % of the sorption capacity of the S. noursei mycelium).

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Candida chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• čištění vody MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• měď chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mycelium chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• průmyslová mikrobiologie metody   MeSH
• roztoky MeSH
• Streptomyces chemie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• měď MeSH
• roztoky MeSH

The structure of unique colorless needle crystals growing from the surface mycelium of the basidiomycete Quambalaria cyanescens and identified as (+)-globulol was followed by mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and polarimetry. The mechanism of (+)-globulol fragmentation is proposed based on collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry. X-Ray analysis revealed that crystal packing is governed by hydrogen bond O-H.....O connecting the molecules into an infinite helix along a 3-fold screw axis propagating along the longest dimension of the needle crystal (c-axis of the unit cell). The X-ray diffraction data correspond well with the proposed structure determined by mass spectrometry.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota chemie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• brouci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• krystalizace MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• mycelium chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• seskviterpeny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• vodíková vazba MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• globulol MeSH Prohlížeč
• seskviterpeny MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ASPERGILLUS *, GENETICS *, GLUCOSE OXIDASE *,
• MeSH
• Aspergillus niger * MeSH
• Aspergillus * MeSH
• genetika * MeSH
• glukosaoxidasa * MeSH
• mycelium * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosaoxidasa * MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• FUNGICIDES/pharmacology *,
• MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• fungicidy průmyslové * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mycelium * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• fungicidy průmyslové * MeSH

The white rot fungus Irpex lacteus is able to decolorize such synthetic dyes as Reactive Orange 16 and Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Here, we demonstrate that this type of dye decolorization is mainly related to a laccase-like enzyme activity associated with fungal mycelium. In its bound form, the enzyme detected showed a pH optimum of 3.0 for the oxidation of ABTS, DMP and guaiacol, and a pH of 7.0 for syringaldazine. The highest enzymatic activity was obtained with ABTS as substrate. Enzyme activity was fully inhibited with 50mM NaN(3). Depending on the chemical structure of dyes, redox mediators had a positive effect on the dye decolorization by fungal mycelium. Enzyme isolated from fungal mycelium was able to decolorize synthetic dyes in vitro.

• MeSH
• anthrachinony metabolismus   MeSH
• azosloučeniny metabolismus   MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• Basidiomycota účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• inhibitory enzymů farmakologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů účinky léků   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lakasa antagonisté a inhibitory   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• mycelium účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce účinky léků   MeSH
• substrátová specifita účinky léků   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthrachinony MeSH
• azosloučeniny MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• inhibitory enzymů MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lakasa MeSH
• reactive orange 16 MeSH Prohlížeč
• Remazol Brilliant Blue R MeSH Prohlížeč

The influence of environmental parameters on mycelial linear growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. pulmonarius, Agrocybe aegerita, Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea and Auricularia auricula-judae was determined in two different nutrient media in a wide range of temperature, forming the basis for the assessment of their temperature optima. V. volvacea grew faster at 35 degrees C, P. eryngii at 25 degrees C, P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius at 30 degrees C, A. aegerita at 25 or 30 degrees C and A. auricula-judae at 20 or 25 degrees C depending on the nutrient medium used and L. edodes at 20 or 30 degrees C depending on the strain examined. The mycelium extension rates were evaluated on seven mushroom cultivation substrates: wheat straw, cotton gin-trash, peanut shells, poplar sawdust, oak sawdust, corn cobs and olive press-cake. The mycelium extension rates (linear growth and colonization rates) were determined by the 'race-tube' technique, and were found to be the highest on cotton gin-trash, peanut shells and poplar sawdust for Pleurotus spp. and A. aegerita. Wheat straw, peanut shells and particularly cotton gin-trash supported fast growth of V. volvacea, whereas wheat straw was the most suitable substrate for L. edodes and A. auricula-judae. Supplemented oak sawdust and olive press-cake were poor substrates for most species examined, while almost all strains performed adequately on corn cobs.

• MeSH
• Agaricales růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• celulosa metabolismus   MeSH
• lignin metabolismus   MeSH
• mycelium růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• potravinářský průmysl metody   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• celulosa MeSH
• lignin MeSH
• lignocellulose MeSH Prohlížeč

Three different transformation strategies were tested and compared in an attempt to facilitate and improve the genetic transformation of Acremonium chrysogenum, the exclusive producer of the pharmaceutically relevant β-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C. We investigated the use of high-voltage electric pulse to transform germinated conidia and young mycelium and compared these procedures with traditional PEG-mediated protoplast transformation, using phleomycin resistance as selection marker in all cases. The effect of the field strength and capacitance on transformation frequency and cell viability was evaluated. The electroporation of germinated conidia and young mycelium was found to be appropriate for transforming A. chrysogenum with higher transformation efficiencies than those obtained with the conventional protoplast-based transformation procedures. The developed electroporation strategy is fast, simple to perform, and highly reproducible and avoids the use of chemicals toxic to cells. Electroporation of young mycelium represents an alternative method for transformation of fungal strains with reduced or no sporulation, as often occurs in laboratory-developed strains in the search for high-yielding mutants for industrial bioprocesses.

• MeSH
• Acremonium účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• cefalosporiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• elektroporace metody   MeSH
• fleomyciny farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
• mycelium účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• protoplasty fyziologie   MeSH
• spory hub účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transformace genetická * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cefalosporiny MeSH
• cephalosporin C MeSH Prohlížeč
• fleomyciny MeSH