Pea, one of the founder crops from the Near East, has two wild species: Pisum sativum subsp. elatius, with a wide distribution centered in the Mediterranean, and P. fulvum, which is restricted to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan. Using genome wide analysis of 11,343 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a set of wild P. elatius (134) and P. fulvum (20) and 74 domesticated accessions (64 P. sativum landraces and 10 P. abyssinicum), we demonstrated that domesticated P. sativum and the Ethiopian pea (P. abyssinicum) were derived from different P. elatius genepools. Therefore, pea has at least two domestication events. The analysis does not support a hybrid origin of P. abyssinicum, which was likely introduced into Ethiopia and Yemen followed by eco-geographic adaptation. Both P. sativum and P. abyssinicum share traits that are typical of domestication, such as non-dormant seeds. Non-dormant seeds were also found in several wild P. elatius accessions which could be the result of crop to wild introgression or natural variation that may have been present during pea domestication. A sub-group of P. elatius overlaps with P. sativum landraces. This may be a consequence of bidirectional gene-flow or may suggest that this group of P. elatius is the closest extant wild relative of P. sativum.
- Klíčová slova
- Ethiopian pea, Pisum sativum, domestication, pea, seed dormancy,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In this study we developed an immunofluorescence method to detect pea protein in meat products. Pea protein has a high nutritional value but in sensitive individuals it may be responsible for causing allergic reactions. We produced model meat products with various additions of pea protein and flour; the detection limit (LOD) of the method for pea flour was 0.5% addition, and for pea protein it was 0.001% addition. The repeatabilities and reproducibilities for samples both positive and negative for pea protein were all 100%. In a blind test with model products and commercial samples, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the declared concentrations of pea protein and flour and the immunofluorescence method results. Sensitivity was 1.06 and specificity was 1.00. These results show that the immunofluorescence method is suitable for the detection of pea protein in meat products.
- Klíčová slova
- Allergy, food industry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), microscopy,
- MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika * MeSH
- hrách setý chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- masné výrobky analýza MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Seed coats of six pea genotypes contrasting in dormancy were studied by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis discriminated dormant and non-dormant seeds in mature dry state. Separation between dormant and non-dormant types was observed despite important markers of particular dormant genotypes differ from each other. Normalized signals of long-chain hydroxylated fatty acids (HLFA) in dormant JI64 genotype seed coats were significantly higher than in other genotypes. These compounds seem to be important markers likely influencing JI64 seed imbibition and germination. HLFA importance was supported by study of recombinant inbred lines (JI64xJI92) contrasting in dormancy but similar in other seed properties. Furthemore HLFA distribution in seed coat was studied by mass spectrometry imaging. HLFA contents in strophiole and hilum are significantly lower compared to other parts indicating their role in water uptake. Results from LDI-MS experiments are useful in understanding (physical) dormancy (first phases of germination) mechanism and properties related to food processing technologies (e.g., seed treatment by cooking).
- Klíčová slova
- fatty acid, imaging mass spectrometry, laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry, multivariate statistics, pea, seed coat, seed dormancy, seed hardness,
- MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- hrách setý metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- mastné kyseliny analýza MeSH
- semena rostlinná metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- vegetační klid * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mastné kyseliny MeSH
The mature seed in legumes consists of an embryo and seed coat. In contrast to knowledge about the embryo, we know relatively little about the seed coat. We analyzed the gene expression during seed development using a panel of cultivated and wild pea genotypes. Gene co-expression analysis identified gene modules related to seed development, dormancy, and domestication. Oxidoreductase genes were found to be important components of developmental and domestication processes. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that domestication favored proteins involved in photosynthesis and protein metabolism at the expense of seed defense. Seed coats of wild peas were rich in cell wall-bound metabolites and the protective compounds predominated in their seed coats. Altogether, we have shown that domestication altered pea seed development and modified (mostly reduced) the transcripts along with the protein and metabolite composition of the seed coat, especially the content of the compounds involved in defense. We investigated dynamic profiles of selected identified phenolic and flavonoid metabolites across seed development. These compounds usually deteriorated the palatability and processing of the seeds. Our findings further provide resources to study secondary metabolism and strategies for improving the quality of legume seeds which comprise an important part of the human protein diet.
- Klíčová slova
- domestication, gene expression, metabolomics, pea, phenylpropanoid pathway, seed coat, seed proteomics,
- MeSH
- domestikace * MeSH
- flavonoidy metabolismus MeSH
- hrách setý * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekundární metabolismus * genetika MeSH
- semena rostlinná * genetika metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- flavonoidy MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
- MeSH
- genom rostlinný genetika MeSH
- hrách setý klasifikace genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
UNLABELLED: Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) significantly reduces yields in a broad spectra of legumes. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor has been shown to confer resistance to this pathogen, thus implying that translation and proteome dynamics play a role in resistance. This study presents the results of a proteome-wide analysis of Pisum sativum L. response to PSbMV infection. LC-MS profiling of two contrasting pea cultivars, resistant (B99) and susceptible (Raman) to PSbMV infection, detected >2300 proteins, 116 of which responded to PSbMV ten and/or twenty days post-inoculation. These differentially abundant proteins are involved in number of processes that have previously been reported in the plant-pathogen response, including protein and amino acid metabolism, stress signaling, redox homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. We complemented our proteome-wide analysis work with targeted analyses of free amino acids and selected small molecules, fatty acid profiling, and enzyme activity assays. Data from these additional experiments support our findings and validate the biological relevance of the observed proteome changes. We found surprising similarities in the resistant and susceptible cultivars, which implies that a seemingly unaffected plant, with no detectable levels of PSbMV, actively suppresses viral replication. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Plant resistance to PSbMV is connected to translation initiation factors, yet the processes involved are still poorly understood at the proteome level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey of the global proteomic response to PSbMV in plants. The combination of label-free LC-MS profiling and two contrasting cultivars (resistant and susceptible) provided highly sensitive snapshots of protein abundance in response to PSbMV infection. PSbMV is a member of the largest family of plant viruses and our results are in accordance with previously characterized potyvirus-responsive proteomes. Hence, the results of this study can further extend our knowledge about these pathogens. We also show that even though no viral replication is detected in the PSbMV-resistant cultivar B99, it is still significantly affected by PSbMV inoculation.
- Klíčová slova
- LC-MS, Pea seed-borne mosaic virus PSbMV, Potyvirus, Proteome, Resistance,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- eukaryotické iniciační faktory MeSH
- hrách setý virologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- nemoci rostlin virologie MeSH
- odolnost vůči nemocem genetika MeSH
- Potyvirus patogenita MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- rostlinné viry MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- eukaryotické iniciační faktory MeSH
We report the first annotated chromosome-level reference genome assembly for pea, Gregor Mendel's original genetic model. Phylogenetics and paleogenomics show genomic rearrangements across legumes and suggest a major role for repetitive elements in pea genome evolution. Compared to other sequenced Leguminosae genomes, the pea genome shows intense gene dynamics, most likely associated with genome size expansion when the Fabeae diverged from its sister tribes. During Pisum evolution, translocation and transposition differentially occurred across lineages. This reference sequence will accelerate our understanding of the molecular basis of agronomically important traits and support crop improvement.
- MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- Fabaceae klasifikace genetika MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- hrách setý genetika MeSH
- lokus kvantitativního znaku * MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- zásobní proteiny semen genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
- zásobní proteiny semen MeSH
In nonamended soil, vegetative growth and sporulation of Fusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere than in the soil. Sporulation was favoured by young plants and decreased with increasing plant age. Amendments with low C/N oil-cakes enhanced vegetative growth and sporulation in root-free soil. The extent of stimulation varied with the nature of organic matter used and the stage of its decomposition. Sporulation was suppressed by castor cake and sawdust with urea amendments. Rhizosphere cf pea altered the effect of different amendments.
- MeSH
- Fabaceae * MeSH
- Fusarium růst a vývoj MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- spory hub MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
The activity of diamine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.6] (DAO) isolated from pea cotyledons was measured in Britton-Robinson buffers at pH range 5.0-9.6 by spectrophotometric method with E-1,4-diamino-2-butene as substrate. The enzyme has the highest activity at pH = 7.7 and in pH greater than 8.0 it is irreversible denaturated with time. The dissociation constants of the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex were calculated by Dixon's method from plots of log Vmax, log KM and log Vmax/KM against pH. The pKEA = 6.5 suggests that histidine is in active site of DAO.
- MeSH
- Fabaceae enzymologie MeSH
- histaminasa chemie metabolismus MeSH
- histidin metabolismus MeSH
- játra enzymologie MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- histaminasa MeSH
- histidin MeSH
- katalasa MeSH
Thirteen stable nonnodulating mutant lines of pea (Pisum sativum L.) originating from cv. Finale were tested for allelism in pairwise crosses. The F(1) plants were evaluated for the symbiotic phenotype under controlled growth conditions against the nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 248. All mutations were found to be recessive and the lines were classified into eight complementation groups comprising Risnod1-Risnod23, Risnod8, Risnod9-Risnod22, Risnod14, Risnod19-Risnod25, Risnod20, Risnod24-Risnod26, and Risnod32. Position of Risnod21 was not firmly established, leaving the possibility of allelism both with Risnod19-Risnod25 and Risnod20. The results were partially consistent with the previous reports on the allelism of these lines. Additional crosses confirmed the correspondence of Risnod14 with the locus sym7 and of Risnod19-Risnod25 with sym8. The high number of eight complementation groups formed by 13 mutants provides an indication of additional nodulation loci in pea to those already reported and confirms the complexity of the genetic control of the early stages of nodulation.
