The paper summarizes findings from the literature concerned with transcultural psychiatry. It is divided into five parts which deal with specific culturally conditioned units, problems of immigrants, cultural problems, methods, international studies and the bias of psychiatrists. The organization of psychiatric care in developing countries is mentioned. In the conclusion the author draws attention to the small number of original Czechoslovak contributions to this sphere as a result of the prolonged international isolation. Basic knowledge of transcultural psychiatry will obviously be very useful with regard to the expected influx of immigrants from the East.

• MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychiatrie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

The Czech Republic is a country in transition, and its historical sociopolitical isolationism lingers to this day, with restrictive attitudes towards immigrants. International collaborations among transcultural psychiatrists and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) could help increase awareness of the service needs of immigrants and improve access to mental healthcare. A lack of state and academic interest persists despite the increasing importance of the issue. These neglected problems burden NGOs that have limited financial and staffing resources. Legislation on the humanitarian needs of immigrants must enhance the efforts of NGOs, and psychiatrists may serve as liaisons to effect the necessary change.

• Klíčová slova
• Transcultural psychiatry, human rights, immigration policy, psychosocial interventions, stigma and discrimination,
• MeSH
• emigranti a imigranti psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• organizace MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
• psychiatrická rehabilitace * MeSH
• psychiatrie * MeSH
• služby péče o duševní zdraví ekonomika   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

In the course of the ten-year period 1979-1988 the authors subjected to psychiatric examination or hospitalized 52 Ethiopian university students. The authors were concerned with the problem whether in the development and character of the psychopathological symptoms factors of the different cultural environment participated. University students sent to Czechoslovakia are a specific group which is not representative of the Ethiopian population. This may be the reason why the revealed symptoms did not differ markedly from conditions in the local population. This applies in particular to neurotic disorders, among which the neurasthenic syndrome predominated. In 14 hospitalized students schizophrenia was diagnosed 6 times, endogenous depression 6 times and neurotic symptoms due to maladaptation twice. The schizophrenic attacks presented classical symptoms, after their regression there was however, complete remission and thus the original diagnosis was somewhat doubtful.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy etnologie   MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• studenti psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Etiopie etnologie   MeSH

Psychodynamic psychiatry remains a challenging subject to teach in underserved areas, where enthusiasm to learn is substantial. Besides logistical and psychiatric workforce shortcomings, sensible cultural adaptations to make psychodynamic psychiatry relevant outside of high-income countries require creative effort. Innovative pedagogical methods that include carefully crafted mentoring and incorporate videoconferencing in combination with site visits can be implemented through international collaborations. Emphasis on mentoring is essential to adequately train future psychodynamic psychotherapy supervisors. Examples of World Psychiatric Association initiatives in countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, and Thailand are presented as possible models to emulate elsewhere.

• Klíčová slova
• Low-income and middle-income countries, Psychiatric education, Psychodynamic psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Transcultural psychiatry,
• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• klinické kompetence normy   MeSH
• kurzy a stáže v nemocnici normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• psychiatrie výchova   MeSH
• psychodynamická psychoterapie * výchova   normy   MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• vzdělávání podle kvalifikace * metody   normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The content of stereotypes can be shaped by multiple mechanisms, one of them possibly being the "mirroring effect." Mirroring describes a phenomenon whereby people rate their ingroup characteristics as opposite to characteristics typical of a relevant outgroup. The aim of our study was to explore mirroring in three intergroup contexts-in national, regional, and ethnic stereotypes. In Study 1, 2,241 participants rated national ingroup stereotype and outgroup stereotypes of five Central European countries. In Study 2, 741 Czech participants rated regional ingroup and outgroup stereotypes of people living in two distinct parts of the Czech Republic. In Study 3, 463 majority and Hungarian minority participants in Slovakia rated ethnic ingroup and outgroup stereotypes. The results showed a clear presence of mirroring in all three contexts.

• Klíčová slova
• Ethnic stereotypes, five-factor model, mirroring, national stereotypes, regional stereotypes,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• etnopsychologie * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• osobnost * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skupinové procesy * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This is one of the first studies, which compares the level of stigmatizing behaviour in countries that used to be on the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain. The aim was to identify the prevalence of reported and intended stigmatizing behaviour towards those with mental health problems in the Czech Republic and to compare these findings with the findings from England. The 8-item Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) was used to assess stigmatising behaviour among a representative sample of the Czech population (n=1797). Results were compared with the findings of an analogous survey from England (n=1720), which also used the RIBS. The extent of reported behaviour (i.e., past and present experiences with those with mental health problems) was lower in the Czech Republic than in England. While 12.7% of Czechs reported that they lived, 12.9% that they worked, and 15.3% that they were acquainted with someone who had mental health problems, the respective numbers for England were 18.5%, 26.3% and 32.5% (P<0.001 in each of these items). On the other hand, the extent of intended stigmatizing behaviour towards those with mental health problems is considerably higher in the Czech Republic. Out of maximum 20 points attached to possible responses to the RIBS items 5-8, Czechs had a lower total score (x=11.0, SD=4.0) compared to English respondents (x=16.1, SD=3.6), indicating lower willingness to accept a person with mental health problems (P<0.001). The prevalence of stigmatizing behaviour in the Czech Republic is worrying. Both, further research and evidence based anti-stigma interventions, should be pursued in order to better understand and decrease stigmatizing behaviour in the Czech Republic and possibly across the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

• Klíčová slova
• Central and Eastern Europe, Mental illness, Post-communism, Social distance, Stigma,
• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy * etnologie   psychologie   MeSH
• duševní zdraví etnologie   MeSH
• etnopsychologie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• společenské stigma * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Anglie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The Roma are Europe's largest ethnic minority group, and often face discrimination and social exclusion. Social strife and lack of access to healthcare are associated with increased symptoms of psychopathology. We aimed to review evidence on mental health outcomes and on access to mental healthcare among the Roma population in Europe. We systematically searched five databases (PsycINFO, Global Health, Social Policy and Practice, Web of Science and PubMed) and conducted a grey literature search in August 2020. We identified 133 studies, 26 of which were included for final analysis. We present the results using a narrative synthesis. The available literature indicates a relatively high prevalence of anxiety, depression and substance abuse among Roma, and females seem to be more affected than males. Roma children exhibit more externalizing and internalizing disorders when compared with non-Roma children. Mental health and perceived well-being among the Roma population are strongly linked to social determinants of health such as housing or economic income. Access to mental healthcare is limited for Roma people because of several barriers pertaining to language, lack of information regarding available services, and the insurance and economic status of Roma people. Roma people report mainly negative experiences with mental health services, including a lack of understanding from healthcare providers, and instances of racism and discrimination. There is a need for more research on mental health and access to healthcare in Roma people. Future studies should be participatory in order to provide guidelines for mental healthcare that addresses the needs of the Roma population.

• Klíčová slova
• Roma, mental healthcare, scoping review, stigma and discrimination, transcultural psychiatry,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• etnicita psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• menšiny MeSH
• Romové * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• scoping review MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

This article provides a comparison and comprehensive analysis of varied approaches to the assessment of sexual interest and behaviours at different international sexual behaviour assessment labs. The assessment protocols are described for four sexual behaviour laboratories: the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre's Sexual Behaviours Clinic in Canada; the Medical University of South Carolina's Sexual Behaviours Clinic and Laboratory in the US; the Laboratory of Evolutionary Sexology and Psychopathology in the Czech Republic; and the Laboratory of Forensic Sexology in Russia. An overview of examinee demographics and types of cases assessed is provided for each lab. Assessment protocols, including psychometric measures and objective measures of sexual interest and arousal, such as penile plethysmography or eye-tracking, are also reviewed. The differences across labs may lead to interesting and productive cross-cultural investigations and studies about the efficacy of specific assessment methods.

• Klíčová slova
• Sexual behaviour, assessment, disorders of sexual preference, paraphilic disorders, penile plethysmography, polygraph, psychometry,
• MeSH
• internacionalita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parafilie diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• penis krevní zásobení   MeSH
• pletysmografie * MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• sexuální chování psychologie   MeSH
• soudní psychiatrie zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rusko MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

The history and present state of psychosomatic medicine in Czechoslovakia are described in detail. At the present time, a concept of Z.J. Lipowski is spreading. Since the formation of the Section for Study of Psychosomatic Medicine, a part of the Czech Psychiatric Association in 1975, several teams of physicians and clinical psychologists have started work in various fields of psychosomatic medicine. Some inpatient and outpatient psychosomatic wards and units were opened. Pre- and postgraduate training in psychosomatics and behavioral medicine have started. Future developments of psychosomatic health care in Czechoslovakia will require the integration of the psychosomatic approach and the bio-psychosocial model of disease into primary health care and other bio-medical disciplines. Psychosocial theory must be incorporated into prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of all diseases using the method of liaison psychiatry, along with the further institutionalization of psychosomatic care.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předpověď MeSH
• psychosomatické lékařství trendy   MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

This paper reviews the use of psychotherapeutic approaches to treat individuals who have committed sex crimes and/or have problematic sexual interests (PSI); including types of psychotherapy used, descriptions of preventive and reintegration programmes, and highlighting specific theoretical controversies. In the second part, experts from Canada, the Czech Republic, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, who participated in an International Consensus Meeting held in Prague (2017), summarize treatment programmes in their countries. The comparison revealed some general findings: each country has variability between its own programmes; most countries have different programmes for people who are in custody and who are in the community; the state-directed treatment programmes are primarily focused on criminal individuals, while non-criminal individuals are treated in preventive programmes and/or in special clinics or are untreated; the presence of PSI in patients is acknowledged in most programmes, although specific programmes exclusively for individuals with PSI rarely exist. Studies on effectiveness are difficult to compare due to methodologic, political, and cultural differences. Further communication between more countries to share knowledge about successful treatments and preventive approaches is needed, especially enhanced international collaboration between researchers and clinicians to verify the effectiveness of current clinical and experimental program, rs.

• Klíčová slova
• Psychotherapy, cross-cultural, paraphilia, problematic sexual interest, sexual offence, treatment,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parafilie prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• psychoterapie * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• zločinci zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH