The genes of ribosomal RNA are the most popular and frequently used markers for bacterial phylogeny and reconstruction of insect-symbiont coevolution. In primary symbionts, such as Buchnera and Wigglesworthia, genome economization leads to the establishment of a single copy of these sequences. In phylogenetic studies, they provide sufficient information and yield phylogenetic trees congruent with host evolution. In contrast, other symbiotic lineages (e.g., the genus Arsenophonus) carry a higher number of rRNA copies in their genomes, which may have serious consequences for phylogenetic inference. In this study, we show that in Arsenophonus triatominarum the degree of heterogeneity can affect reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and mask possible coevolution between the symbiont and its host. Phylogenetic arrangement of individual rRNA copies was used, together with a calculation of their divergence time, to demonstrate that the incongruent 16S rDNA trees and low nucleotide diversity in the secondary symbiont could be reconciled with the coevolutionary scenario.

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branisovská 31 370 05 Ceské Budejovice Czech Republic

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Arsenophonus symbiosis with louse flies: multiple origins, coevolutionary dynamics, and metabolic significance

Microbiomes of North American Triatominae: The Grounds for Chagas Disease Epidemiology

Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies

Arsenophonus, an emerging clade of intracellular symbionts with a broad host distribution