BACKGROUND: Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have attracted huge attention due to catalytic, electric, optical, photonic, textile, nanofluid, and antibacterial activity depending on the size, shape, and neighboring medium. In the present paper, we synthesized CuO nanoparticles using gum karaya, a natural nontoxic hydrocolloid, by green technology and explored its potential antibacterial application. METHODS: The CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by a colloid-thermal synthesis process. The mixture contained various concentrations of CuCl2 • 2H2O (1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM) and gum karaya (10 mg/mL) and was kept at 75°C at 250 rpm for 1 hour in an orbital shaker. The synthesized CuO was purified and dried to obtain different sizes of the CuO nanoparticles. The well diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of the synthesized CuO nanoparticles. The zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the broth microdilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed CuO nanoparticles evenly distributed on the surface of the gum matrix. X-ray diffraction of the synthesized nanoparticles indicates the formation of single-phase CuO with a monoclinic structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak at 525 cm(-1) should be a stretching of CuO, which matches up to the B2u mode. The peaks at 525 cm(-1) and 580 cm(-1) indicated the formation of CuO nanostructure. Transmission electron microscope analyses revealed CuO nanoparticles of 4.8 ± 1.6 nm, 5.5 ± 2.5 nm, and 7.8 ± 2.3 nm sizes were synthesized with various concentrations of CuCl2 • 2H2O (1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy profiles indicated that the O 1s and Cu 2p peak corresponding to the CuO nanoparticles were observed. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative and positive cultures. CONCLUSION: The formed CuO nanoparticles are small in size (4.8 ± 1.6 nm), highly stable, and have significant antibacterial action on both the Gram classes of bacteria compared to larger sizes of synthesized CuO (7.8 ± 2.3 nm) nanoparticles. The smaller size of the CuO nanoparticles (4.8 ± 1.6 nm) was found to be yielding a maximum zone of inhibition compared to the larger size of synthesized CuO nanoparticles (7.8 ± 2.3 nm). The results also indicate that increase in precursor concentration enhances an increase in particle size, as well as the morphology of synthesized CuO nanoparticles.

Laboratory of Chemical Remediation Processes Institute for Nanomaterials Advanced Technology and Innovation Technical University of Liberec Studentská 1402 2 Liberec Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Premkumar T, Geckeler KE. Nanosized CuO particles via a supramolecular strategy. Small. 2006;2(5):616–620. PubMed

Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EW, Vargas-Reus MA, Reip P, Allaker RP. Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(6):587–590. PubMed

Hsieh CT, Chen JM, Lin HH, Shih HC. Synthesis of well-ordered CuO nanofibers by a self-catalytic growth mechanism. Appl Phys Lett. 2003;82(19):3316–3318.

Zhang X, Wang G, Liu X, et al. Different CuO nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications for glucose sensors. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces. 2008;112(43):16845–16849.

Perelshtein I, Applerot G, Perkas N, et al. CuO-cotton nanocomposite: formation, morphology, and antibacterial activity. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2009;204(1–2):54–57.

Lee HJ, Lee G, Jang NR, Yun JH, Song JY, Kim BS. Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract. Nanotechnology. 2011;1(1):371–374.

Valodkar M, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Devkar RV, Thakore S. Biocompatible synthesis of peptide capped copper nanoparticles and their biological effect on tumor cells. Mater Chem Phys. 2011;128(1–2):83–89.

Akhavan O, Ghaderi E. Cu and CuO nanoparticles immobilized by silica thin films as antibacterial materials and photocatalysts. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2012;205(1):219–223.

Hassan MS, Amna T, Yang OB, E1-Newehy MH, Al-Deyab SS, Khil MS. Smart copper oxide nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical and potent antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2012;97:201–206. PubMed

Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin RL, Klabunde KJ. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir. 2002;18(17):6679–6686.

Kattumuri V, Katti K, Bhaskaran K, et al. Gum arabic as a phytochemical construct for the stabilization of gold nanoparticles: in vivo pharmacokinetics and X-ray-contrast-imaging studies. Small. 2007;3(2):333–341. PubMed

Carnes CL, Klabunde KJ. The catalytic methanol synthesis over nano-particle metal oxide catalysts. J Mol Catal A Chem. 2003;194(1–2):227–236.

Zhu J, Li D, Chen H, Yang X, Lu L, Wang X. High dispersed CuO nanoparticles prepared by a novel quick-precipitation method. Mater Lett. 2004;58(26):3324–3327.

Kumar RV, Elgamiel R, Diamant Y, Gedanken A, Norwig J. Sonochemical preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline copper oxide embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol)and its effect on crystal growth of copper oxide. Langmuir. 2001;17(5):1406–1410.

Xu JF, Ji W, Shen ZX, et al. Preparation and characterization of CuO nanocrystals. J Solid State Chem. 1999;147(2):516–519.

Hong ZS, Cao Y, Deng J. A convenient alcohothermal approach for low temperature synthesis of CuO nanoparticles. Mater Lett. 2002;52(1–2):34–38.

Ahmad T, Chopra R, Ramanujachary KV, Lofand SE, Ganguli AK. Canted antiferromagnetism in copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the reverse-micellar route. Solid State Sciences. 2005;7(7):891–895.

Wang H, Xu JZ, Zhu JJ, Chen HY. Preparation of CuO nanoparticles by microwave irradiation. J Cryst Growth. 2002;244(1):88–94.

Sun L, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wu Z, Dang H. Synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles from liquid ammonia. Mater Res Bull. 2005;40(6):1024–1027.

Saravanan P, Alam S, Mathur GN. A liquid-liquid interface technique to form films of CuO nanowhiskers. Thin Solid Films. 2005;491(1–2):168–172.

Iravani S. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chemistry. 2011;13(10):2638–2650.

Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL. Completely “green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125(46):13940–13941. PubMed

Rao CN, Kulkarni GU, Thomas PJ, Edwards PP. Size-dependent chemistry: properties of nanocrystals. Chemistry. 2002;8(1):28–35. PubMed

Rana V, Rai P, Tiwary AK, Singh RS, Kennedy J F, Knill CJ. Modified gums: approaches and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83(3):1031–1047.

Verbeken D, Dierckx S, Dewettinck K. Exudate gums: occurrence, production, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003;63(1):10–21. PubMed

Le Cerf D, Irinei F, Muller G. Solution properties of gum exudates from Sterculia urens (karaya gum) Carbohydr Polym. 1990;13(4):375–386.

Brito ACF, Sierakowski MA, Reicher F, Feitosa JPA, De Paula RCM. Dynamic rheological study of Sterculia Striata and Karaya polysaccharide in aqueous solution. Food Hydrocoll. 2005;19(5):861–867.

Silva DA, Brito ACF, de Paula RCM, Feitosa JPA, Paula HCB. Effect of mono and divalent salts on gelation of native, Na and deacetylated Sterculia striata and Stericulia urens polysaccharide gels. Carbohydr Polym. 2003;54(2):229–236.

Aspinall GO, Khondo L, Williams BA. The hex-5-enose degradation: cleavage of glycosiduronic acid linkages in modified methylated Sterculia gums. Can J Chem. 1986;65(9):2069–2076.

FAO Karaya Gum Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization; 1992Available from: http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/specs/Monograph1/Additive-244.pdfAccessed January 1, 2013

Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, et al. Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology. 2007;18(10):105104.

Vinod VTP, Sashidhar RB. Bioremediation of industrial toxic metals with gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): A natural carbohydrate biopolymer. Indian J biotechnol. 2011;10(1):113–120.

Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(2):163–175. PubMed

Vaseem M, Umar A, Kim SH, Hahn YB. Low-temperature synthesis of fower-shaped CuO nanostructures by solution process: formation mechanism and structural properties. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces. 2008;112(15):5729–5735.

Das D, Nath BC, Phukon P, Dolui SK. Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial behavior of CuO nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;101:430–433. PubMed

Karthik K, Victor Jaya N, Kanagaraj M, Arumugam S. Temperature-dependent magnetic anomalies of CuO nanoparticles. Solid State Commun. 2011;151(7):564–568.

Durando M, Morrish R, Musca AJ. Kinetics and mechanism for the reaction of hexafluoroacetylacetone with CuO in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130(49):16659–16668. PubMed

Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EW, Vargas-Reus MA, Reip P, Allaker R P. Characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(6):587–590. PubMed

Heinlaan M, Ivask A, Blinova I, Dubourguier HC, Kakru A. Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere. 2008;71(7):1308–1316. PubMed

Tawale JS, Dey K, Pasricha R, Sood KN, Srivastava AK. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO tetrapods for optical and antibacterial applications. Thin Solid Films. 2010;519(3):1244–1247.

Gajjar P, Pettee B, Britt DW, Huang W, Johnson WP, Anderson AJ. Antimicrobial activities of commercial nanoparticles against an environmental soil microbe, Pseudomonas putida KT2440. J Biol Eng. 2009;3:9. PubMed PMC

Liang X, Sun M, Li L, Qiao R, Chen K, Xiao Q, Xu F. Preparation and antibacterial activities of polyaniline/Cu0.05Zn0.95O nanocomposites. Dalton Trans. 2012;41(9):2804–2811. PubMed

Moloto N, Revaprasadu N, Musetha PL, Moloto MJ. The effect of precursor concentration, temperature and capping group on the morphology of CdS nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2009;9(8):4760–4766. PubMed

Beveridge TJ, Murray RG. Sites of metal deposition in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 1980;141(2):876–887. PubMed PMC

Azam A, Ahmed AS, Oves M, Khan MS, Memic A. Size-dependent antimicrobial properties of CuO nanoparticles against Gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7(9):3527–3535. PubMed PMC

Son DI, Yo u CH, Kim TW. Structural, optical, and electronic properties of colloidal CuO nanoparticles formed by using a colloid-thermal synthesis process. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255(21):8794–8797.

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Salvadora persica L. Root Extract and Their Antagonistic Activity Against Oral and Health-Threatening Pathogens

Microscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Micro and Nanostructures of Biopolymers and Their Derivatives

The Use of a Biopolymer Conjugate for an Eco-Friendly One-Pot Synthesis of Palladium-Platinum Alloys

Gum Kondagogu/Reduced Graphene Oxide Framed Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Role

Green Synthesis of High Temperature Stable Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Gum Kondagogu: Characterization and Solar Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye

Tree gum-based renewable materials: Sustainable applications in nanotechnology, biomedical and environmental fields

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Effect on the Unicellular Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii