Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a 1.5-3.5-fold higher risk of thromboembolism when compared to the non-IBD population and the risk is much more prominent at the time of a flare. Arterial thromboembolism (ischemic stroke, focal white matter ischemia, cardiac ischemia, peripheral vascular disease and mesenteric ischemia) and venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, retinal, hepatic, portal and mesenteric vein thromboses) belong to the group of underestimated extraintestinal complications in IBD patients, which are associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate (the overall mortality is as high as 25 % per episode). Thromboembolism occurs in younger patients compared to the non-IBD population and has a high recurrence rate. Multiple risk factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis, but the acquired ones play the key role. Congenital alterations do not occur more frequently in IBD patients when compared to the non-IBD population. Standardized guidelines for the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in IBD patients are urgently needed and these should be respected in clinical practice to avoid preventable morbidity and mortality.

2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology Charles University in Praha Sokolska 581 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):G1323-36 PubMed

Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:595-605 PubMed

Am J Med Sci. 2011 Sep;342(3):254-6 PubMed

Thromb Haemost. 2001 Mar;85(3):430-4 PubMed

Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011 Jun;17(3):254-8 PubMed

Dig Dis. 2000;18(3):161-7 PubMed

Am J Pathol. 2010 Dec;177(6):2774-81 PubMed

Eur J Intern Med. 2014 Jan;25(1):37-44 PubMed

Gut. 1992 Apr;33(4):502-6 PubMed

Intern Med. 2007;46(17):1323-9 PubMed

Hamostaseologie. 2009 Oct;29 Suppl 1:S90-3 PubMed

Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Apr;63(4):877-83 PubMed

Circulation. 2002 Aug 20;106(8):913-9 PubMed

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996 Nov;8(11):1089-93 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1445-51 PubMed

Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011 Nov-Dec;17(6):600-4 PubMed

Thromb Haemost. 1990 Jun 28;63(3):472-5 PubMed

Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012 Sep;10(5):659-69 PubMed

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Sep;20(9):912-6 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Apr;16(4):677-83 PubMed

Intern Med. 2011;50(20):2407-8 PubMed

Gastroenterology. 1994 Apr;106(4):840-5 PubMed

Gastroenterology. 1997 Jul;113(1):107-17 PubMed

Mayo Clin Proc. 1986 Feb;61(2):140-5 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;106(4):713-8 PubMed

Cas Lek Cesk. 2006;145(11):870-3 PubMed

Thromb Res. 2008;122(1):125-33 PubMed

Atherosclerosis. 2009 Sep;206(1):61-8 PubMed

Scand J Rheumatol. 2010 Mar;39(2):175-7 PubMed

FEBS Lett. 2009 Sep 3;583(17):2811-8 PubMed

J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Oct;7(9):723-9 PubMed

World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb 7;17(5):578-93 PubMed

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Nov;34(10):1173-84 PubMed

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Apr;56(4):401-7 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Nov;17(11):2333-9 PubMed

Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:1061-71 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):458-70 PubMed

Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009 Jul;25(4):301-5 PubMed

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 May;37(10):953-62 PubMed

Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar;49(3):287-94 PubMed

J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;22(2):141-3 PubMed

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul-Sep;23(3):911-6 PubMed

J Clin Lipidol. 2010 Nov-Dec;4(6):478-82 PubMed

J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Feb;8(2):166-71 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep;103(9):2272-80 PubMed

Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2000 Jul;11(5):499-503 PubMed

J Immunol. 2006 Feb 15;176(4):2617-24 PubMed

Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2014 Mar;77(1):71-4 PubMed

Gut. 2004 Apr;53(4):542-8 PubMed

JAMA Intern Med. 2013 May 13;173(9):743-52 PubMed

Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37(5):313-22 PubMed

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jan;6(1):41-5 PubMed

Am J Dig Dis. 1978 Oct;23(10):897-902 PubMed

Blood Rev. 2009 Sep;23(5):225-9 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jan;99(1):97-101 PubMed

Gastroenterology. 2010 Sep;139(3):779-87, 787.e1 PubMed

Gastroenterology. 2014 Mar;146(3):835-848.e6 PubMed

World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar 28;20(12):3173-9 PubMed

Thromb Res. 2010 Mar;125(3):278-82 PubMed

Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013 Jul;39(5):461-8 PubMed

Am J Clin Pathol. 1988 Nov;90(5):633-5 PubMed

Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010 Sep;7(9):528-36 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Mar;92(3):494-7 PubMed

J Med Case Rep. 2010 Jan 15;4:12 PubMed

World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 7;20(1):53-63 PubMed

Br J Haematol. 2005 Nov;131(4):417-30 PubMed

Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct;70(10):1831-4 PubMed

Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1995 Sep;24(3):633-46 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Aug;16(8):1387-92 PubMed

Circulation. 1997 Nov 4;96(9):3042-7 PubMed

Metabolism. 2006 Jul;55(7):980-8 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Oct;17(10):2174-83 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Nov;17(11):2217-23 PubMed

Thromb Haemost. 2009 Jun;101(6):1032-40 PubMed

Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1992 Mar 13;117(11):419-24 PubMed

Int Immunopharmacol. 2012 Dec;14(4):444-5 PubMed

Lancet. 2010 Feb 20;375(9715):657-63 PubMed

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Sep;14(9):1169-79 PubMed

Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Nov;43(11):2507-12 PubMed

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Nov;12(11):1905-10 PubMed

J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;28(7):1095-113 PubMed

World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 7;20(17):4857-72 PubMed

Gut. 1993 Feb;34(2):247-51 PubMed

J Clin Invest. 2007 Jul;117(7):1951-60 PubMed

Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010 Mar-Apr;28(2):254-7 PubMed

Blut. 1990 Nov;61(5):307-10 PubMed

Thromb Res. 1986 Dec 15;44(6):859-66 PubMed

Hypertension. 2010 Mar;55(3):579-92 PubMed

Arch Surg. 2012 Feb;147(2):120-4 PubMed

J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998 Oct;27(3):215-6 PubMed

Thromb Haemost. 1996 Nov;76(5):738-42 PubMed

Gut. 1989 Feb;30(2):188-94 PubMed

World J Hepatol. 2011 Jun 27;3(6):164-9 PubMed

Blood. 2007 Jan 1;109(1):139-44 PubMed

Dis Colon Rectum. 2014 Apr;57(4):482-9 PubMed

Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 Nov;55(11):1138-44 PubMed

Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul;49(7):820-5 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Mar;19(3):582-9 PubMed

Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep;100(9):2036-41 PubMed

Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992 Nov;27(11):957-60 PubMed

Circulation. 2002 Sep 17;106(12):1439-41 PubMed

Semin Thromb Hemost. 2011 Apr;37(3):220-5 PubMed

Haemostasis. 1997 Nov-Dec;27(6):269-77 PubMed

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 Jul;10(4):361-72 PubMed

Blood. 1998 May 15;91(10):3527-61 PubMed

Vnitr Lek. 1994 Feb;40(2):84-8 PubMed

Circ J. 2010 Feb;74(2):213-20 PubMed

J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Dec;7(12):e635-40 PubMed

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD006612 PubMed

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Oct;25(10):2216-21 PubMed

Nat Med. 1996 Apr;2(4):386-9 PubMed

Eur J Dermatol. 2007 Nov-Dec;17(6):546-7 PubMed

Ann Transplant. 2002;7(1):55-68 PubMed