The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.

Association for Nature Conservation Baltijos vilkas Visoriu 6A 54 08300 Vilnius Lithuania

Association for Nature Wolf Twardorzeczka 229 34 324 Lipowa Poland

Balkani Wildlife Society Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Bavarian Agency of Environment Hans Högn Strasse 12 95030 Hof Saale Germany

Biology Department of the Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Tirana Boulevard Zog 1 Tirana Albania

Biology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb Heinzelova 55 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society Mitropoleos 123 54621 Thessaloniki Greece

Centro Gestione e Conservazione Grandi Carnivori Piazza Regina Elena 30 Valdieri 12010 Italy

CIBIO InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto 4485 661 Vairão Portugal

Department of Biology and Biotechnologies University of Rome La Sapienza Viale dell'Università 32 00185 Roma Italy

Department of Forest Protection and Game Management Faculty of Forestry Technical University of Zvolen T G Masaryka 20 960 53 Zvolen Slovakia

Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Zemědělská 3 61300 Brno Czech Republic Friends of the Earth Czech Republic Olomouc Branch Dolní Náměstí 38 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 165 21 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Zoology and Anthropology Faculty of Biology Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Estonian Environment Agency Rõõmu tee 2 51013 Tartu Estonia

Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo Zagrebačka 20 71000 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering Department of Silviculture Transilvania University 1 Beethoven Lane 500123 Brașov Romania Forest Research Institute Bulevardul Eroilor Number 128 Voluntari Ilfov 077190 Romania

Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Oulu Game and Fisheries Research Tutkijantie 2E 90570 Oulu Finland

Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Viikinkaari 4 00790 Helsinki Finland

Friends of the Earth Czech Republic Olomouc Branch Dolní Náměstí 38 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Fundación Oso Pardo Calle San Luis 17 4° A 39010 Santander Spain

Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden

Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 73091 Riddarhyttan Sweden Research Unit of Biodiversity Oviedo University 33600 Mieres Spain

Harz Nationalpark Lindenallee 35 38855 Wernigerode Germany

Hedmark University College Evenstad 2480 Koppang Norway

Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Pawińskiego 5a 02 106 Warszawa Poland

Istituto di Ecologia Applicata Via B Eustachio 10 00161 Rome Italy

KORA Thunstrasse 31 3074 Muri bei Bern Switzerland

KORA Thunstrasse 31 3074 Muri bei Bern Switzerland Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Länggassstrasse 122 3012 Bern Switzerland

Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava Rīgas Iela 111 Salaspils 2169 Latvia

LUPUS German Institute for Wolf Mnitoring and Research Dorfstrasse 20 02979 Spreewitz Germany

Lynx Project Austria Northwest Linzerstrasse 14 4170 Haslach Mühl Austria

Lynx Project Bavaria Trailling 1a 93462 Lam Germany

Macedonian Ecological Society Arhimedova 5 Skopje 1000 FYR Macedonia

Macedonian Ecological Society Arhimedova 5 Skopje 1000 FYR Macedonia Department of Wildlife Sciences Georg August University Büsgenweg 3 37077 Göttingen Germany

Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania Jakšto 4 9 01105 Vilnius Lithuania

National Veterinary Epidemiology Unit Food Safety and Veterinary Institute Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10 Tirana Albania

Nationalpark Kalkalpen Nationalpark Zentrum Molln Nationalpark Allee 1 4591 Molln Austria

Natural History Museum Njegoseva 51 11000 Belgrade Serbia

Nature Research Centre Akademijos 2 08412 Vilnius Lithuania

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen 7485 Trondheim Norway

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen 7485 Trondheim Norway Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Postbox 5003 1432 Ås Norway

Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage ZI Mayencin 5 Allée de Béthléem 38610 Gières France

ONCFS CNERA PAD Equipe Ours Chef de Projet Impasse de la Chapelle 31800 Villeneuve de Rivière France

Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania Rruga Vangjush Furxhi 16 1 10 Tirana Albania

Provincia Autonoma di Trento Servizio Foreste e Fauna Via Trener no 3 38100 Trento Italy

Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Savoyenstrasse 1 1160 Vienna Austria

Slovak Wildlife Society Post Office Box 72 03301 Liptovsky Hradok Slovakia

St István Unversity Institute for Wildlife Conservation Páter Károly 1 2103 Gödöllő Hungary

State Institute for Nature Protection Trg Mažuranića 5 10000 Zagreb Croatia

State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic Tajovskeho 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia

University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty Jamnikarjeva 101 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Wolf Project Consultores en Biología de la Conservación Calle Manuela Malasana 24 28004 Madrid Spain

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Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):382. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6220.382-a. PubMed

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Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):382-3. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6220.382-b. PubMed

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Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):383. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6220.383-a. PubMed

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Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):871-2. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6237.871-b. PubMed

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