We designed a behavioral task called One-Trial Trace Escape Reaction (OTTER), in which rats incidentally associate two temporally discontinuous stimuli: a neutral acoustic cue (CS) with an aversive stimulus (US) which occurs two seconds later (CS-2s-US sequence). Rats are first habituated to two similar environmental contexts (A and B), each consisting of an interconnected dark and light chamber. Next, rats experience the CS-2s-US sequence in the dark chamber of one of the contexts (either A or B); the US is terminated immediately after a rat escapes into the light chamber. The CS-2s-US sequence is presented only once to ensure the incidental acquisition of the association. The recall is tested 24 h later when rats are presented with only the CS in the alternate context (B or A), and their behavioral response is observed. Our results show that 59% of the rats responded to the CS by escaping to the light chamber, although they experienced only one CS-2s-US pairing. The OTTER task offers a flexible high throughput tool to study memory acquired incidentally after a single experience. Incidental one-trial acquisition of association between temporally discontinuous events may be one of the essential components of episodic memory formation.
- MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- rozpomínání MeSH
- strach fyziologie MeSH
- úniková reakce MeSH
- vydry * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The type B trichothecenes pollute food crops and have been associated to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic reaction in human and animal. This group of mycotoxins consists deoxynivalenol (DON) and four structurally related congeners: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon X, FX). While emesis induced by intraperitoneally dosed to DON in the mink has been related to plasma up-grading of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY), the impact of oral dosing with DON or its four congeners on secretion of these chemical substances have not been established. The aim of this work was to contraste emetic influence to type B trichothecene mycotoxins by orally dosing and involve these influence to PYY and 5-HT. All five toxins attracted marked emetic reaction that are relevant to elevated PYY and 5-HT. The reduction in vomiting induced by the five toxins and PYY was due to blocking of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor. The inhibition of the induced vomiting response by 5-HT and all five toxins is regulated by the 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron. In a word, our results indicate that PYY and 5-HT take a key role in the emetic reaction evoked by type B trichothecenes.
- MeSH
- emetika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- norek MeSH
- peptid YY MeSH
- serotonin MeSH
- trichotheceny typu B * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- trichotheceny * toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvracení chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The mammalian Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC) chromosomal region may contain gene families for the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and/or leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) collections as well as various framing genes. This complex region is well described in humans, mice, and some domestic animals. Although single KIR genes are known in some Carnivora, their complements of LILR genes remain largely unknown due to obstacles in the assembly of regions of high homology in short-read based genomes. METHODS: As part of the analysis of felid immunogenomes, this study focuses on the search for LRC genes in reference genomes and the annotation of LILR genes in Felidae. Chromosome-level genomes based on single-molecule long-read sequencing were preferentially sought and compared to representatives of the Carnivora. RESULTS: Seven putatively functional LILR genes were found across the Felidae and in the Californian sea lion, four to five genes in Canidae, and four to nine genes in Mustelidae. They form two lineages, as seen in the Bovidae. The ratio of functional genes for activating LILRs to inhibitory LILRs is slightly in favor of inhibitory genes in the Felidae and the Canidae; the reverse is seen in the Californian sea lion. This ratio is even in all of the Mustelidae except the Eurasian otter, which has a predominance of activating LILRs. Various numbers of LILR pseudogenes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The structure of the LRC is rather conservative in felids and the other Carnivora studied. The LILR sub-region is conserved within the Felidae and has slight differences in the Canidae, but it has taken various evolutionary paths in the Mustelidae. Overall, the process of pseudogenization of LILR genes seems to be more frequent for activating receptors. Phylogenetic analysis found no direct orthologues across the Carnivora which corroborate the rapid evolution of LILRs seen in mammals.
- MeSH
- Canidae * MeSH
- Carnivora * genetika MeSH
- Felidae * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- lachtani * MeSH
- leukocyty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Mustelidae * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- receptory imunologické genetika MeSH
- receptory KIR genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- červotoč chlebový,
- MeSH
- brouci * růst a vývoj MeSH
- dezinsekce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Mustelidae metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Deoxynivalenol (DON), the most naturally-occurring trichothecenes, may affect animal and human health by causing vomiting as a hallmark of food poisoning. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) usually co-occurs with DON as its glucosylated form and is another emerging food safety issue in recent years. However, the toxicity of D3G is not fully understood compared to DON, especially in emetic potency. The goals of this research were to (1) compare emetic effects to D3G by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes and relate emetic effects to brain-gut peptides glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and substance P (SP) in mink; (2) determine the roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in D3G's emetic effect. Both oral and IP exposure to D3G elicited marked emetic events. This emetic response corresponded to an elevation of GIP and SP. Blocking the GIP receptor (GIPR) diminished emetic response induction by GIP and D3G. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) inhibitor Emend® restrained the induction of emesis by SP and D3G. Importantly, CaSR antagonist NPS-2143 or TRP channel antagonist ruthenium red dose-dependently inhibited both D3G-induced emesis and brain-gut peptides GIP and SP release; cotreatment with both antagonists additively suppressed both emetic and brain-gut peptide responses to D3G. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that activation of CaSR and TRP channels contributes to D3G-induced emesis by mediating brain-gut peptide exocytosis in mink.
- MeSH
- emetika * toxicita MeSH
- glukosa MeSH
- glukosidy MeSH
- norek MeSH
- receptory gastrointestinálních hormonů MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny MeSH
- substance P MeSH
- trichotheceny * chemie toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvracení chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zástava srdeční a dechové funkce je velmi závažným problémem ústícím v úhyn pacienta. Můžeme se s ní setkat v rámci kolapsu pacienta souvisejícím s probíhajícím onemocněním nebo jako s komplikací při sedaci nebo anestezii pacienta. řešení zástavy vyžaduje rychlé zhodnocení životních funkcí zvířete s okamžitým zahájením kardiopulmonální resuscitace, a to zejména nepřímou srdeční masáží a asistovaným dýcháním. Zvládnutí postupu při kardiopulmonální resuscitaci (CPR) včetně tréninku veterinárních sester a veterinárních lékařů dané ambulance/kliniky, technické vybavení pracoviště a připravenost léčiv výrazně zvyšuje šance pacienta na přežití. Velmi důležité je předoperační vyšetření zvířete, které minimalizuje vznik neočekávaných komplikací v průběhu sedace nebo anestezie. Včasným rozpoznáním komplikací při anestezii (apnoe se srdeční akcí) a bezprostředním řešením problému lze v mnoha případech pacienta zachránit. Cílem článku je seznámit veterinární lékaře s postupem při resuscitaci drobných savců s přihlédnutím k specifické anatomii a fyziologii.
Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is a life-threatening problem which quickly leads to the patient‘s death. CPA is a result of acute or chronic disease, or is associated with anaesthetic complication. Therapy of the CPA consists of quick life function evaluation and immediate initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), especially chest compression and artificial ventilation. The chance of successful CPR is strongly dependent on training of professionals (veterinary doctors and nurses), technical equipment and drug preparedness and availability. Preoperative clinical examination is in small mammals particularly important, as it minimizes possible risks during sedation or anaesthesia. The earlier id the anaesthetic complication recognized (apnoeic pause), the quicker is CPR started and the better is prognosis. The aim of the article is to describe CPR in small mammals and its specific anatomy and physiology.
Type A trichothecene neosolaniol (NEO) is considered a potential risk to human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). To date, available data do not allow making conclusions about the toxicological properties of this toxin. Trichothecenes have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic responses in mink, and this response has been associated with neurotransmitter peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The goal of this study was to compare emetic effects of NEO administered by intraperitoneal and oral routes and relate these effects to PYY and 5-HT. The effective doses resulting in emetic events in 50% of the animals following intraperitoneal and oral exposure to NEO were 0.4 and 0.09 mg/kg bw, respectively. This emetic response corresponded to elevated PYY and 5-HT levels. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor diminished emesis induction by PYY and NEO. The 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron completely restrained the induction of emesis by 5-HT and NEO. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT play important roles in the NEO-induced emetic response.
- MeSH
- antagonisté serotoninových receptorů 5-HT3 farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- emetika toxicita MeSH
- norek MeSH
- receptory neuropeptidu Y antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- receptory serotoninové 5-HT3 metabolismus MeSH
- trichotheceny toxicita MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvracení chemicky indukované metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The crayfish plague pathogen (Aphanomyces astaci) can be transmitted through the digestive system of fish, but its dispersal through mammalian and bird digestive tracts has been considered unlikely, and direct experimental evidence remains scarce. We present a small-scale transmission experiment with European otter and American mink fed with infected crayfish, and experiments testing survival of cultures of five A. astaci strains at temperatures corresponding to those inside mammal and bird bodies. The pathogen was neither isolated from predator excrements nor transmitted to susceptible crayfish exposed to excrements. In agar-based artificial media, it occasionally survived for 15 min at 40.5°C and for 45 min at 37.5°C, but not so when incubated at those temperatures for 45 min and 75 min, respectively. The five tested strains differed in resistance to high temperatures, two (of genotype groups E and D) being more susceptible than other three (of groups A, B and D). Their survival to some extent varied when exposed to the same temperature after several weeks or months, suggesting that some yet-unknown factors may influence A. astaci resistance to temperature stress. Overall, we support the notion that passage through the digestive tract of warm-blooded predators makes A. astaci transmission unlikely.
The impact of carnivore parvovirus infection on wild populations is not yet understood; disease signs are mainly developed in pups and assessing the health of litters in wild carnivores has big limitations. This study aims to shed light on the virus dynamics among wild carnivores thanks to the analysis of 213 samples collected between 1994 and 2013 in wild ecosystems from Spain. We determined the presence of carnivore parvovirus DNA by real-time PCR and sequenced the vp2 gen from 22 positive samples to characterize the strains and to perform phylogenetic analysis. The presence of carnivore parvovirus DNA was confirmed in 18% of the samples, with a higher prevalence detected in wolves (Canis lupus signatus, 70%). Fourteen sequences belonging to nine wolves, three Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), a common genet (Genetta genetta) and a European wildcat (Felis silvestris) were classified as canine parvovirus 2c (CPV-2c); five sequences from three wolves, a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and a stone marten (Martes foina) as CPV-2b; and three sequences from a badger, a genet and a stone marten as feline parvovirus (FPV). This was the first report of a wildcat infected with a canine strain. Sequences described in this study were identical or very close related to others previously found in domestic carnivores from distant countries, suggesting that cross-species transmission takes place and that the parvovirus epidemiology in Spain, as elsewhere, could be influenced by global factors.
- MeSH
- Carnivora virologie MeSH
- divoká zvířata MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- infekce viry z čeledi Parvoviridae epidemiologie veterinární virologie MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce veterinární MeSH
- lišky MeSH
- Mustelidae MeSH
- parvovirus psů genetika MeSH
- Parvovirus genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- psi MeSH
- virus infekční panleukopenie koček genetika MeSH
- vlci MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Španělsko MeSH
