CONTEXT: Visual disturbances due to the toxic effect of formic acid in acute methanol poisonings are generally transient. The subjective symptoms of visual toxicity may resolve within few weeks and fundoscopic signs of acute optic neuropathy subside within 1-2 months; therefore, the prevalence of long-term visual sequelae in the population of survivors of poisonings may be underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and character of long-term visual sequelae of acute methanol poisonings based on the data from the Czech mass methanol outbreak in 2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning were included in this longitudinal cross-sectional study, median age: 48 (range, 23-73) years. The following tests were performed: optical coherence tomography or OCT with evaluation of the retinal nerve fibers layer (RNFL), visual evoked potentials (VEP), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain, complete ocular examination (visual acuity/field, color vision, contrast sensitivity, and fundus), neurological examinations, and biochemical tests. RESULTS: Of 50 patients, 7/50 (14%) were discharged with diagnosed visual sequelae and 6/50 (12%) were discharged with both visual and central nervous system sequelae of poisoning. On the follow-up examination, 20/50 (40%) of the patients had long-term visual sequelae, with 8% of blindness. A total of 38% of the patients had abnormal (28% borderline) findings on RNFL, and 40% had abnormal (18% borderline) VEP. Among the patients discharged without detected visual sequelae, 8/37 (22%) had abnormal RNFL and VEP. Patients with visual sequelae had brain lesions more often (70% vs. 27%, p < 0.01). MRI identified optic nerve lesions in 2/20 cases with abnormal VEP only. The groups with and without visual sequelae differed in serum methanol, ethanol, HCO3-, formate, pH, anion gap, and base deficit (all p < 0.01). Visual disturbances on admission and coma were more prevalent in the patients with visual sequelae (p < 0.05). Patients with positive serum ethanol on admission were 93% less likely to have optical axonal damage (OR: 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01-0.8); p < 0.05). No association was found between visual sequelae and type of antidote administered, mode of hemodialysis, or folate substitution. Pre-hospital administration of ethanol seemed beneficial: these patients were 90% less likely to have abnormal RNFL findings (OR: 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02-0.52); p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term visual sequelae were clearly underestimated on discharge, suggesting a significantly higher amount of patients with long-term sequelae than earlier reported. Thorough examinations before discharge and during follow-up will likely uncover a higher morbidity also after methanol poisonings in general.

b Department of Ophthalmology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

c Department of Biomimetic Electrochemistry J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR v v i Prague 8 Czech Republic

e Institute of Biophysics and Informatics 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University Prague General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

f Department of Radiology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

g Centre for Experimental Medicine Institute for Clinical and Experimental medicine Prague 4 Czech Republic

h Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

i Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague Prague 2 Czech Republic

j Department of Addictology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

k The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine Department of Acute Medicine Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Toxicological Information Center Department of Occupational Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague 2 Czech Republic

References provided by Crossref.org

Estimation of long-term costs of postacute care in survivors of the methanol poisoning outbreak

Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy in acute methanol poisoning: comparison of clinical effectiveness in mass poisoning outbreaks

Positive serum ethanol concentration on admission to hospital as the factor predictive of treatment outcome in acute methanol poisoning

"It can't happen to me": Alcohol drinkers on the 2012 outbreak of methanol poisonings and the subsequent prohibition in the Czech Republic