This Review focuses on noncovalent functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide with various species involving biomolecules, polymers, drugs, metals and metal oxide-based nanoparticles, quantum dots, magnetic nanostructures, other carbon allotropes (fullerenes, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanotubes), and graphene analogues (MoS2, WS2). A brief description of π-π interactions, van der Waals forces, ionic interactions, and hydrogen bonding allowing noncovalent modification of graphene and graphene oxide is first given. The main part of this Review is devoted to tailored functionalization for applications in drug delivery, energy materials, solar cells, water splitting, biosensing, bioimaging, environmental, catalytic, photocatalytic, and biomedical technologies. A significant part of this Review explores the possibilities of graphene/graphene oxide-based 3D superstructures and their use in lithium-ion batteries. This Review ends with a look at challenges and future prospects of noncovalently modified graphene and graphene oxide.

Center for Superfunctional Materials Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 689 798 Korea

Material Science Department University of Patras 26504 Rio Patras Greece

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacky University in Olomouc 17 Listopadu 1192 12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic

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A Polymeric Composite Material (rGO/PANI) for Acid Blue 129 Adsorption

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Chemistry, properties, and applications of fluorographene

Direct mapping of chemical oxidation of individual graphene sheets through dynamic force measurements at the nanoscale