The purpose of this prospective controlled study was to compare healing quality following the implantation of ultraporous β-tricalcium phosphate, containing either expanded autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (trial group, 9 patients) or β-tricalcium phosphate alone (control group, 9 patients), into femoral defects during revision total hip arthroplasty. Both groups were assessed using the Harris Hip Score, radiography, and DEXA scanning at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. A significant difference in the bone defect healing was observed between both groups of patients (P < 0.05). In the trial group, trabecular remodeling was found in all nine patients and in the control group, in 1 patient only. Whereas, over the 12-month follow-up period, no significant difference was observed between both groups of patients in terms of the resorption of β-tricalcium phosphate, the significant differences were documented in the presence of radiolucency and bone trabeculation through the defect (P < 0.05). Using autologous mesenchymal stromal cells combined with a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold is a feasible, safe, and effective approach for management of bone defects with compromised microenvironment. The clinical trial was registered at the EU Clinical Trials Register before patient recruitment has begun (EudraCT number 2012-005599-33).

Department of Medical Biophysics Charles University Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Šimkova 870 500 38 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Charles University Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Šimkova 870 500 38 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Charles University Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Šimkova 870 500 38 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University Hospital in Hradec Králové Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Radiology University Hospital in Hradec Králové Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics Charles University Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Šimkova 870 500 38 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Medicine Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Medicine Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic; Department of Neuroscience 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague 5 Úvalu 84 150 06 Prague Czech Republic

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A Comparative Analysis of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells derived from Different Sources, with a Focus on Neuroregenerative Potential

Comparative Study on the Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Combined with Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold into Femoral Bone Defects