Recent investigations show that carbon-based and metal-based engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), components of consumer goods and agricultural products, have the potential to build up in sediments and biosolid-amended agricultural soils. In addition, reports indicate that both carbon-based and metal-based ENMs affect plants differently at the physiological, biochemical, nutritional, and genetic levels. The toxicity threshold is species-dependent and responses to ENMs are driven by a series of factors including the nanomaterial characteristics and environmental conditions. Effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical traits, production and food quality, among others, have been reported. However, a complete understanding of the dynamics of interactions between plants and ENMs is not clear enough yet. This review presents recent publications on the physiological and biochemical effects that commercial carbon-based and metal-based ENMs have in terrestrial plants. This document focuses on crop plants because of their relevance in human nutrition and health. We have summarized the mechanisms of interaction between plants and ENMs as well as identified gaps in knowledge for future investigations.

Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA

Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environment Nanjing University Nanjing 210046 China

Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA

Department of Chemistry University of Puerto Rico at Mayagu¨ez Mayagu¨ez PR 00680 USA

Department of Environmental Geosciences Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 165 21 Prague 6 Suchdol Czech Republic

Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Ave El Paso TX USA; Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA

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