Historically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed little to the study of Parkinson's disease (PD), but modern MRI approaches have unveiled several complementary markers that are useful for research and clinical applications. Iron- and neuromelanin-sensitive MRI detect qualitative changes in the substantia nigra. Quantitative MRI markers can be derived from diffusion weighted and iron-sensitive imaging or volumetry. Functional brain alterations at rest or during task performance have been captured with functional and arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI. These markers are useful for the diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism, to track disease progression from the premotor stages of these diseases and to better understand the neurobiological basis of clinical deficits. A current research goal using MRI is to generate time-dependent models of the evolution of PD biomarkers that can help understand neurodegeneration and provide reliable markers for therapeutic trials. This article reviews recent advances in MRI biomarker research at high-field (3T) and ultra high field-imaging (7T) in PD and atypical parkinsonism. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

1st Department of Neurology School of Medicine St Anne's University Hospital Brain and Mind Research Program Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Department of Neurology Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg Hvidovre Denmark

Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology Department of Neurology and Centre for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cambridge University and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge UK

Department of Clinical Neurosciences Department of Radiology Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada

Department of Medical Surgical Neurological Metabolic and Aging Sciences 2nd University of Naples Naples Italy

Department of Neurology Christian Albrechts University of Kiel and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany

Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria and Neuroimaging Research Core Facility Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière ICM Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche CENIR Sorbonne Universités Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Paris France

John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Pacific Parkinson's Research Center Department of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada

Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico Padova University Padova Italy

Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney Sydney Australia

Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Citace poskytuje Crossref.org

Modulation of Working Memory and Resting-State fMRI by tDCS of the Right Frontoparietal Network

Connectivity Between Brain Networks Dynamically Reflects Cognitive Status of Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Study