Peptide-based anticancer vaccination aims at stimulating an immune response against one or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) following immunization with purified, recombinant or synthetically engineered epitopes. Despite high expectations, the peptide-based vaccines that have been explored in the clinic so far had limited therapeutic activity, largely due to cancer cell-intrinsic alterations that minimize antigenicity and/or changes in the tumor microenvironment that foster immunosuppression. Several strategies have been developed to overcome such limitations, including the use of immunostimulatory adjuvants, the co-treatment with cytotoxic anticancer therapies that enable the coordinated release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and the concomitant blockade of immune checkpoints. Personalized peptide-based vaccines are also being explored for therapeutic activity in the clinic. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical progress in the use of peptide-based vaccines as anticancer therapeutics.Abbreviations: CMP: carbohydrate-mimetic peptide; CMV: cytomegalovirus; DC: dendritic cell; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; HPV: human papillomavirus; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; MHP: melanoma helper vaccine; NSCLC: non-small cell lung carcinoma; ODD: orphan drug designation; PPV: personalized peptide vaccination; SLP: synthetic long peptide; TAA: tumor-associated antigen; TNA: tumor neoantigen.

Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428 Villejuif France

Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Dept of Immunology 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France

Faculty of Medicine University of Paris Sud Paris XI Le Kremlin Bicêtre France

INSERM U1015 Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France

Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France

Pôle de Biologie Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou AP HP Paris France

Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center New York NY USA

Sotio Prague Czech Republic

U1138 INSERM Paris France

Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Paris France

Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France

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Calreticulin and cancer

Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death