Malignant cells succumbing to some forms of radiation therapy are particularly immunogenic and hence can initiate a therapeutically relevant adaptive immune response. This reflects the intrinsic antigenicity of malignant cells (which often synthesize a high number of potentially reactive neo-antigens) coupled with the ability of radiation therapy to boost the adjuvanticity of cell death as it stimulates the release of endogenous adjuvants from dying cells. Thus, radiation therapy has been intensively investigated for its capacity to improve the therapeutic profile of several anticancer immunotherapies, including (but not limited to) checkpoint blockers, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, and several small molecules with immunostimulatory effects. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in this field of investigation.

Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain

Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France

Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France; INSERM U1015 CICBT1428 Villejuif France

INSERM U1138 Paris France; Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer Center de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France

INSERM U1138 Paris France; Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer Center de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France; Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

INSERM U1138 Paris France; Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer Center de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France; Pôle de Biologie Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou AP HP Paris France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif France; Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

INSERM U1138 Paris France; Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France; Equipe 13 Center de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France

INSERM U1138 Paris France; Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology Center de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France

Sotio Prague Czech Republic; Department of Immunology 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France; INSERM U970 Paris France; Paris Cardiovascular Research Center AP HP Paris France

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Induction of Tolerance and Immunity by Dendritic Cells: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications

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