Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) are literally revolutionizing the clinical management of an ever more diversified panel of oncological indications. Although considerable attention persists around the inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, best known as PD-1) signaling, several other co-inhibitory T-cell receptors are being evaluated as potential targets for the development of novel ICBs. Moreover, substantial efforts are being devoted to the identification of biomarkers that reliably predict the likelihood of each patient to obtain clinical benefits from ICBs in the absence of severe toxicity. Tailoring the delivery of specific ICBs or combinations thereof to selected patient populations in the context of precision medicine programs constitutes indeed a major objective of the future of ICB-based immunotherapy. Here, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical advances on the development of ICBs for oncological indications.

Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428 Villejuif France

Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Dept of Immunology 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris France

Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute Villejuif France

Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain

INSERM U1015 Villejuif France

INSERM U1138 Paris France

Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute Villejuif France

Pôle de Biologie Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou AP HP Paris France

Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center New York NY USA

Sotio a c Prague Czech Republic

Université Paris Descartes Paris 5 Paris France

Université Paris Sud Paris XI Le Kremlin Bicêtre France

Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Paris France

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