The term 'immunogenic cell death' (ICD) denotes an immunologically unique type of regulated cell death that enables, rather than suppresses, T cell-driven immune responses that are specific for antigens derived from the dying cells. The ability of ICD to elicit adaptive immunity heavily relies on the immunogenicity of dying cells, implying that such cells must encode and present antigens not covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), and deliver immunostimulatory molecules such as damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines (adjuvanticity). Moreover, the host immune system must be equipped to detect the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cells. As cancer (but not normal) cells express several antigens not covered by central tolerance, they can be driven into ICD by some therapeutic agents, including (but not limited to) chemotherapeutics of the anthracycline family, oxaliplatin and bortezomib, as well as radiation therapy. In this Trial Watch, we describe current trends in the preclinical and clinical development of ICD-eliciting chemotherapy as partner for immunotherapy, with a focus on trials assessing efficacy in the context of immunomonitoring.

Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine New York NY USA

Cell Death Research and Therapy unit Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 1428 Villejuif France

Department of Dermatology Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA

Department of Haematology UZ Leuven and Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Immunology 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Université de Paris Sorbonne Université INSERM U1138 Paris France

Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute Villejuif France

INSERM U1015 Villejuif France

Maastricht University Medical Center Department of Radiation Oncology GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht Netherlands

Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute Villejuif France

Pôle de Biologie Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou AP HP Paris France

Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center New York NY USA

Sotio Prague Czech Republic

Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Suzhou China

Université de Paris Paris France

Université Paris Sud Paris XI Le Kremlin Bicêtre France

UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium

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Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in oncology

Trial watch: Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for cancer