Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination for cancer treatment has seen considerable development over recent decades. However, this field is currently in a state of flux toward niche-applications, owing to recent paradigm-shifts in immuno-oncology mobilized by T cell-targeting immunotherapies. DC vaccines are typically generated using autologous (patient-derived) DCs exposed to tumor-associated or -specific antigens (TAAs or TSAs), in the presence of immunostimulatory molecules to induce DC maturation, followed by reinfusion into patients. Accordingly, DC vaccines can induce TAA/TSA-specific CD8+/CD4+ T cell responses. Yet, DC vaccination still shows suboptimal anti-tumor efficacy in the clinic. Extensive efforts are ongoing to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of DC vaccines, often by employing combinatorial chemo-immunotherapy regimens. In this Trial Watch, we summarize the recent preclinical and clinical developments in this field and discuss the ongoing trends and future perspectives of DC-based immunotherapy for oncological indications.

Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium

Center for Oncological Research Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium

Department of General Medical Oncology UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Haematology Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium

Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands

Department of Immunology Charles University University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic

Department of Medical Oncology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands

Department of Medical Oncology UZ Brussel Brussels Belgium

Department of Neurosurgery UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Oncology Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy ImmunOvar Research Group Ku Leuven Leuven Cancer Institute Leuven Belgium

Department of Tumour Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands

Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany

Laboratory of Cell Stress and Immunity Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Sotio Biotech Prague Czech Republic

Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

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