Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased interest in the potential for forest ecosystems and soils to act as carbon (C) sinks. While soil organic C contents often vary with tree species identity, little is known about if, and how, tree species influence the stability of C in soil. Using a 40 year old common garden experiment with replicated plots of eleven temperate tree species, we investigated relationships between soil organic matter (SOM) stability in mineral soils and 17 ecological factors (including tree tissue chemistry, magnitude of organic matter inputs to the soil and their turnover, microbial community descriptors, and soil physicochemical properties). We measured five SOM stability indices, including heterotrophic respiration, C in aggregate occluded particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral associated SOM, and bulk SOM δ15 N and ∆14 C. The stability of SOM varied substantially among tree species, and this variability was independent of the amount of organic C in soils. Thus, when considering forest soils as C sinks, the stability of C stocks must be considered in addition to their size. Further, our results suggest tree species regulate soil C stability via the composition of their tissues, especially roots. Stability of SOM appeared to be greater (as indicated by higher δ15 N and reduced respiration) beneath species with higher concentrations of nitrogen and lower amounts of acid insoluble compounds in their roots, while SOM stability appeared to be lower (as indicated by higher respiration and lower proportions of C in aggregate occluded POM) beneath species with higher tissue calcium contents. The proportion of C in mineral associated SOM and bulk soil ∆14 C, though, were negligibly dependent on tree species traits, likely reflecting an insensitivity of some SOM pools to decadal scale shifts in ecological factors. Strategies aiming to increase soil C stocks may thus focus on particulate C pools, which can more easily be manipulated and are most sensitive to climate change.

Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Biology and SoWa Research Infrastructure České Budějovice Czech Republic

Chair of Soil Science Technical University Munich Freising Germany

Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California

Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St Paul Minnesota

Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania

Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St Paul Minnesota

Department of Geosciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania

Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson Arizona

Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia

Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Kórnik Poland

Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Biogeochemical Processes Jena Germany

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Unlocking complex soil systems as carbon sinks: multi-pool management as the key

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