Stroke is one of the most devastating pathologies of the early twenty-first century demonstrating 1-month case-fatality rates ranging from 13 to 35% worldwide. Though the majority of cases do occur in individuals at an advanced age, a persistently increasing portion of the patient cohorts is affected early in life. Current studies provide alarming statistics for the incidence of "young" strokes including adolescents. Young stroke is a multifactorial disease involving genetic predisposition but also a number of modifiable factors, the synergic combination of which potentiates the risks. The article analyzes the prevalence and impacts of "traditional" risk factors such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, abnormal alcohol consumption, drug abuse, overweight, hypertension, abnormal sleep patterns, and usage of hormonal contraceptives, among others. Further, less explored risks such as primary vascular dysregulation and associated symptoms characteristic for Flammer syndrome (FS) are considered, and the relevance of the FS phenotype for the stroke predisposition at young age is hypothesized. Considering the high prevalence of known genetic and modifiable risk factors in the overall predisposition to the young stroke, the risk mitigating measures are recommended including innovative screening programs by application of specialized questionnaires and biomarker panels as well as educational programs adapted to the target audiences such as children, adolescents, and young adults.

Biomedical Centre Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Staré Město Czech Republic

Breast Cancer Research Centre UKB Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn Bonn Germany

CEMBIO University of Bonn Bonn Germany

Centre for Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn UKB Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn Bonn Germany

Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Staré Město Czech Republic

Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Staré Město Czech Republic

Department of Immunochemistry University Hospital Pilsen Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Neurology University Hospital Pilsen and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Staré Město Czech Republic

Department of Social and Assessment Medicine Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Staré Město Czech Republic

Radiological Clinic UKB Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn Sigmund Freud Str 25 53127 Bonn Germany

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