In this Review, an effort is made to discuss the most recent progress and future trend in the two-way traffic of the interactions between plants and nanoparticles (NPs). One way is the use of plants to synthesize NPs in an environmentally benign manner with a focus on the mechanism and optimization of the synthesis. Another way is the effects of synthetic NPs on plant fate with a focus on the transport mechanisms of NPs within plants as well as NP-mediated seed germination and plant development. When NPs are in soil, they can be adsorbed at the root surface, followed by their uptake and inter/intracellular movement in the plant tissues. NPs may also be taken up by foliage under aerial deposition, largely through stomata, trichomes, and cuticles, but the exact mode of NP entry into plants is not well documented. The NP-plant interactions may lead to inhibitory or stimulatory effects on seed germination and plant development, depending on NP compositions, concentrations, and plant species. In numerous cases, radiation-absorbing efficiency, CO2 assimilation capacity, and delay of chloroplast aging have been reported in the plant response to NP treatments, although the mechanisms involved in these processes remain to be studied.

College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China

Department of Biology East Carolina University Greenville NC 27858 USA

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center Institute for Biomedical Science Engineering and Technology University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA

Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India

Institute of Plant Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences Akademicka 12 20 033 Lublin Poland

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