The co-occurrence of cancer and heart failure (HF) represents a significant clinical drawback as each disease interferes with the treatment of the other. In addition to shared risk factors, a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence reveals numerous commonalities in the biology underlying both pathologies. Inflammation emerges as a common hallmark for both diseases as it contributes to the initiation and progression of both HF and cancer. Under stress, malignant and cardiac cells change their metabolic preferences to survive, which makes these metabolic derangements a great basis to develop intersection strategies and therapies to combat both diseases. Furthermore, genetic predisposition and clonal haematopoiesis are common drivers for both conditions and they hold great clinical relevance in the context of personalized medicine. Additionally, altered angiogenesis is a common hallmark for failing hearts and tumours and represents a promising substrate to target in both diseases. Cardiac cells and malignant cells interact with their surrounding environment called stroma. This interaction mediates the progression of the two pathologies and understanding the structure and function of each stromal component may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies and improved outcomes in patients. The interdisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists and oncologists is essential to establish unified guidelines. To this aim, pre-clinical models that mimic the human situation, where both pathologies coexist, are needed to understand all the aspects of the bidirectional relationship between cancer and HF. Finally, adequately powered clinical studies, including patients from all ages, and men and women, with proper adjudication of both cancer and cardiovascular endpoints, are essential to accurately study these two pathologies at the same time.

1st Department Medicine Cardioangiology University Hospital and Medical Faculty Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Cardio Oncology Center of Excellence Cardiovascular Division Washington University in St Louis St Louis MO USA

Cardio Oncology Clinic Heart Failure Unit Department of Cardiology Athens University Hospital 'Attikon' National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School Athens Greece

Cardio Oncology Service Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK

Cardio Oncology Unit Department of Cardiology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Cardiovascular Disease Unit IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy

Cardiovascular Division Cardio Oncology Program Department of Medicine University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN USA

Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Maine Medical Center Scarborough ME USA

CIBER Cardiovascular Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

CIC1418 and DMU CARTE AP HP Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou Paris France

Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Comprehensive Heart Failure Center University Clinic Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Cardiology and Angiology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany

Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies Berlin Germany

Department of Cardiology and Pneumology Heart Center University of Göttingen Medical Center Göttingen Germany

Department of Cardiology CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands

Department of Cardiology University Hospital Zurich University Heart Center Zurich Switzerland

Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Heart Diseases Wroclaw Medical University and Centre for Heart Diseases University Hospital Wroclaw Poland

Department of Internal Medicine 3 University of Kiel Kiel Germany

Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research University of Genova Genoa Italy

Department of Medical Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Department of Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research Federico 2 University Naples Italy

Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute Albert Einstein Cancer Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York NY USA

Division Heart and Lungs and Regenerative Medicine Centre University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oncology Cardio Oncology Program Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center Nashville TN USA

DKFZ Heidelberg Germany

DZHK partner site Hamburg Kiel Lübeck Germany

DZHK partner site Heidelberg Mannheim Germany

Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof C C Iliescu' University of Medicine Carol Davila Bucharest Romania

German Center for Cardiovascular Research partner site Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Heart Failure Unit and Cardiology Department Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol CIBERCV Badalona Spain

Heart Failure Unit Cardiology G da Saliceto Hospital Piacenza University of Parma Parma Italy

Innate Pharma Marseille France

Institute of Experimental Cardiology Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany

Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany

Medical University of Graz University Heart Center Division of Cardiology Graz Austria

Partner Site Hamburg Kiel Lübeck DZHK Hamburg Germany

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London UK

San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute Rome Italy

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

Swiss Cardiovascular Centre Bern University Bern Switzerland

Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology Geneva Switzerland

Université de Paris PARCC INSERM Paris France

University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade Serbia

University of Cyprus Medical School Nicosia Cyprus

See more in PubMed

Shen L, Jhund PS, Petrie MC, Claggett BL, Barlera S, Cleland JGF, Dargie HJ, Granger CB, Kjekshus J, Køber L, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Packer M, Pitt B, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Tavazzi L, Wikstrand J, Zannad F, Zile MR, McMurray JJ. Declining risk of sudden death in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2017;377:41–51. PubMed

Moliner P, Lupon J, de Antonio M, Domingo M, Santiago‐Vacas E, Zamora E, Cediel G, Santesmases J, Díez‐Quevedo C, Troya MI, Boldó M, Altmir S, Alonso N, González B, Núñez J, Bayes‐Genis A. Trends in modes of death in heart failure over the last two decades: less sudden death but cancer deaths on the rise. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:1259–1266. PubMed

Conrad N, Judge A, Canoy D, Tran J, Pinho‐Gomes AC, Millett ER, Salimi‐Khorshidi G, Cleland JG, McMurray JJ, Rahimi K. Temporal trends and patterns in mortality after incident heart failure: a longitudinal analysis of 86 000 individuals. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:1102–1111. PubMed PMC

Meijers WC, Maglione M, Bakker SJ, Oberhuber R, Kieneker LM, de Jong S, Haubner BJ, Nagengast WB, Lyon AR, van der Vegt B, van Veldhuisen DJ, Westenbrink BD, van der Meer P, Silljé HH, de Boer RA. Heart failure stimulates tumor growth by circulating factors. Circulation 2018;138:678–691. PubMed

Pfeffer TJ, Schlothauer S, Pietzsch S, Schaufelberger M, Auber B, Ricke‐Hoch M, List MS, Berliner D, Moulig V, König T, Arany Z, Sliwa K, Bauersachs J, Hilfiker‐Kleiner D. Increased cancer prevalence in peripartum cardiomyopathy. JACC CardioOncol 2019;1:196–205. PubMed PMC

Perez IE, Taveras Alam S, Hernandez GA, Sancassani R. Cancer therapy‐related cardiac dysfunction: an overview for the clinician. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 2019;13:1179546819866445. PubMed PMC

Moslehi JJ. Cardiovascular toxic effects of targeted cancer therapies. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1457–1467. PubMed

Bertero E, Canepa M, Maack C, Ameri P. Linking heart failure to cancer. Circulation 2018;138:735–742. PubMed

Hasin T, Gerber Y, McNallan SM, Weston SA, Kushwaha SS, Nelson TJ, Cerhan JR, Roger VL. Patients with heart failure have an increased risk of incident cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:881–886. PubMed PMC

Hasin T, Gerber Y, Weston SA, Jiang R, Killian JM, Manemann SM, Cerhan JR, Roger VL. Heart failure after myocardial infarction is associated with increased risk of cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:265–271. PubMed PMC

Banke A, Schou M, Videbaek L, Moller JE, Torp‐Pedersen C, Gustafsson F, Dahl JS, Køber L, Hildebrandt PR, Gislason GH. Incidence of cancer in patients with chronic heart failure: a long‐term follow‐up study. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:260–266. PubMed

Selvaraj S, Bhatt DL, Claggett B, Djousse L, Shah SJ, Chen J, Imran TF, Qazi S, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Schrag D. Lack of association between heart failure and incident cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1501–1510. PubMed

Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, Shestakovska O, Aboyans V, Alings M, Anand SS, Avezum A, Berkowitz SD, Bhatt DL, Cook‐Bruns N, Felix C, Fox KA, Hart RG, Maggioni AP, Moayyedi P, O'Donnell M, Rydén L, Verhamme P, Widimsky P, Zhu J, Yusuf S; COMPASS Investigators . Bleeding and new cancer diagnosis in patients with atherosclerosis. Circulation 2019;140:1451–1459. PubMed

Meijers WC, de Boer RA. Common risk factors for heart failure and cancer. Cardiovasc Res 2019;115:844–853. PubMed PMC

Koene RJ, Prizment AE, Blaes A, Konety SH. Shared risk factors in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Circulation 2016;133:1104–1114. PubMed PMC

Tu H, Wen CP, Tsai SP, Chow WH, Wen C, Ye Y, Zhao H, Tsai MK, Huang M, Dinney CP, Tsao CK, Wu X. Cancer risk associated with chronic diseases and disease markers: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;360:k134. PubMed PMC

Farmakis D, Stafylas P, Giamouzis G, Maniadakis N, Parissis J. The medical and socioeconomic burden of heart failure: a comparative delineation with cancer. Int J Cardiol 2016;203:279–281. PubMed

Aboumsallem JP, Moslehi J, de Boer RA. Reverse cardio‐oncology: cancer development in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e013754. PubMed PMC

Mann DL. Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future. Circ Res 2002;91:988–998. PubMed

Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA. A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 2011;331:1559–1564. PubMed

Libby P, Kobold S. Inflammation: a common contributor to cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases – expanding the concept of cardio‐oncology. Cardiovasc Res 2019;115:824–829. PubMed PMC

Jin L, Yuan RQ, Fuchs A, Yao Y, Joseph A, Schwall R, Schnitt SJ, Guida A, Hastings HM, Andres J, Turkel G, Polverini PJ, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM. Expression of interleukin‐1beta in human breast carcinoma. Cancer 1997;80:421–434. PubMed

Muerkoster S, Wegehenkel K, Arlt A, Witt M, Sipos B, Kruse ML, Sebens T, Klöppel G, Kalthoff H, Fölsch UR, Schäfer H. Tumor stroma interactions induce chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells involving increased secretion and paracrine effects of nitric oxide and interleukin‐1beta. Cancer Res 2004;64:1331–1337. PubMed

Pascual‐Figal DA, Bayes‐Genis A, Asensio‐Lopez MC, Hernandez‐Vicente A, Garrido‐Bravo I, Pastor‐Perez F, Díez J, Ibáñez B, Lax A. The interleukin‐1 axis and risk of death in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1016–1025. PubMed

Torre‐Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1201–1206. PubMed

Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, Kastelein JJ, Cornel JH, Pais P, Pella D, Genest J, Cifkova R, Lorenzatti A, Forster T, Kobalava Z, Vida‐Simiti L, Flather M, Shimokawa H, Ogawa H, Dellborg M, Rossi PR, Troquay RP, Libby P, Glynn RJ; CANTOS Trial Group . Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1119–1131. PubMed

Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Thuren T, Everett BM, Libby P, Glynn RJ; CANTOS Trial Group . Effect of interleukin‐1beta inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2017;390:1833–1842. PubMed

Wang D, DuBois RN. Role of prostanoids in gastrointestinal cancer. J Clin Invest 2018;128:2732–2742. PubMed PMC

Xia D, Wang D, Kim SH, Katoh H, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E2 promotes intestinal tumor growth via DNA methylation. Nat Med 2012;18:224–226. PubMed PMC

Toth AD, Schell R, Levay M, Vettel C, Theis P, Haslinger C, Alban F, Werhahn S, Frischbier L, Krebs‐Haupenthal J, Thomas D, Gröne HJ, Avkiran M, Katus HA, Wieland T, Backs J. Inflammation leads through PGE/EP3 signaling to HDAC5/MEF2‐dependent transcription in cardiac myocytes. EMBO Mol Med 2018;10:e8536. PubMed PMC

Weinreuter M, Kreusser MM, Beckendorf J, Schreiter FC, Leuschner F, Lehmann LH, Hofmann KP, Rostosky JS, Diemert N, Xu C, Volz HC, Jungmann A, Nickel A, Sticht C, Gretz N, Maack C, Schneider MD, Gröne HJ, Müller OJ, Katus HA, Backs J. CaM kinase II mediates maladaptive post‐infarct remodeling and pro‐inflammatory chemoattractant signaling but not acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. EMBO Mol Med 2014;6:1231–1245. PubMed PMC

Kim JI, Lakshmikanthan V, Frilot N, Daaka Y. Prostaglandin E2 promotes lung cancer cell migration via EP4‐betaArrestin1‐c‐Src signalsome. Mol Cancer Res 2010;8:569–577. PubMed PMC

Nemenoff R, Meyer AM, Hudish TM, Mozer AB, Snee A, Narumiya S, Stearman RS, Winn RA, Weiser‐Evans M, Geraci MW, Keith RL. Prostacyclin prevents murine lung cancer independent of the membrane receptor by activation of peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor gamma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008;1:349–356. PubMed PMC

Warburg O. On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 1956;124:269–270. PubMed

Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 2009;324:1029–1033. PubMed PMC

DeBerardinis RJ, Mancuso A, Daikhin E, Nissim I, Yudkoff M, Wehrli S, Thompson CB. Beyond aerobic glycolysis: transformed cells can engage in glutamine metabolism that exceeds the requirement for protein and nucleotide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:19345–19350. PubMed PMC

Goodwin GW, Ahmad F, Doenst T, Taegtmeyer H. Energy provision from glycogen, glucose, and fatty acids on adrenergic stimulation of isolated working rat hearts. Am J Physiol 1998;274:H1239–1247. PubMed

Allard MF, Schonekess BO, Henning SL, English DR, Lopaschuk GD. Contribution of oxidative metabolism and glycolysis to ATP production in hypertrophied hearts. Am J Physiol 1994;267(2 Pt 2):H742–H750. PubMed

Jabs M, Rose AJ, Lehmann LH, Taylor J, Moll I, Sijmonsma TP, Herberich SE, Sauer SW, Poschet G, Federico G, Mogler C, Weis EM, Augustin HG, Yan M, Gretz N, Schmid RM, Adams RH, Gröne HJ, Hell R, Okun JG, Backs J, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, Fischer A. Inhibition of endothelial notch signaling impairs fatty acid transport and leads to metabolic and vascular remodeling of the adult heart. Circulation 2018;137:2592–2608. PubMed

Ritterhoff J, Young S, Villet O, Shao D, Neto FC, Bettcher LF, Hsu YA, Kolwicz SC Jr, Raftery D, Tian R. Metabolic remodeling promotes cardiac hypertrophy by directing glucose to aspartate biosynthesis. Circ Res 2020;126:182–196. PubMed PMC

Umbarawan Y, Syamsunarno M, Koitabashi N, Yamaguchi A, Hanaoka H, Hishiki T, Nagahata‐Naito Y, Obinata H, Sano M, Sunaga H, Matsui H, Tsushima Y, Suematsu M, Kurabayashi M, Iso T. Glucose is preferentially utilized for biomass synthesis in pressure‐overloaded hearts: evidence from fatty acid‐binding protein‐4 and ‐5 knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018;114:1132–1144. PubMed PMC

Lehmann LH, Jebessa ZH, Kreusser MM, Horsch A, He T, Kronlage M, Dewenter M, Sramek V, Oehl U, Krebs‐Haupenthal J, von der Lieth AH, Schmidt A, Sun Q, Ritterhoff J, Finke D, Völkers M, Jungmann A, Sauer SW, Thiel C, Nickel A, Kohlhaas M, Schäfer M, Sticht C, Maack C, Gretz N, Wagner M, el‐Armouche A, Maier LS, Londoño JE, Meder B, Freichel M, Gröne HJ, Most P, Müller OJ, Herzig S, Furlong EE, Katus HA, Backs J. A proteolytic fragment of histone deacetylase 4 protects the heart from failure by regulating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Nat Med 2018;24:62–72. PubMed

Jebessa ZH, Shanmukha Kumar D, Dewenter M, Lehmann LH, Xu C, Schreiter F, Siede D, Gong XM, Worst BC, Federico G, Sauer SW, Fischer T, Wechselberger L, Müller OJ, Sossalla S, Dieterich C, Most P, Gröne HJ, Moro C, Oberer M, Haemmerle G, Katus HA, Tyedmers J, Backs J. The lipid droplet‐associated protein ABHD5 protects the heart through proteolysis of HDAC4. Nat Metab 2019;1:1157–1167. PubMed PMC

Sullivan LB, Gui DY, Hosios AM, Bush LN, Freinkman E, Vander Heiden MG. Supporting aspartate biosynthesis is an essential function of respiration in proliferating cells. Cell 2015;162:552–563. PubMed PMC

Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhang W, Bergmeier S, Qian Y, Akbar H, Colvin R, Ding J, Tong L, Wu S, Hines J, Chen X. A small‐molecule inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 downregulates glycolysis, induces cell‐cycle arrest, and inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11:1672–1682. PubMed

Liao R, Jain M, Cui L, D'Agostino J, Aiello F, Luptak I, Ngoy S, Mortensen RM, Tian R. Cardiac‐specific overexpression of GLUT1 prevents the development of heart failure attributable to pressure overload in mice. Circulation 2002;106:2125–2131. PubMed

Scafoglio C, Hirayama BA, Kepe V, Liu J, Ghezzi C, Satyamurthy N, Moatamed NA, Huang J, Koepsell H, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Functional expression of sodium‐glucose transporters in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112:E4111–4119. PubMed PMC

Zaytseva YY, Rychahou PG, Le AT, Scott TL, Flight RM, Kim JT, Harris J, Liu J, Wang C, Morris AJ, Sivakumaran TA, Fan T, Moseley H, Gao T, Lee EY, Weiss HL, Heuer TS, Kemble G, Evers M. Preclinical evaluation of novel fatty acid synthase inhibitors in primary colorectal cancer cells and a patient‐derived xenograft model of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018;9:24787–24800. PubMed PMC

Razani B, Zhang H, Schulze PC, Schilling JD, Verbsky J, Lodhi IJ, Topkara VK, Feng C, Coleman T, Kovacs A, Kelly DP, Saffitz JE, Dorn GW 2nd, Nichols CG, Semenkovich CF. Fatty acid synthase modulates homeostatic responses to myocardial stress. J Biol Chem 2011;286:30949–30961. PubMed PMC

Ebert BL, Libby P. Clonal hematopoiesis confers predisposition to both cardiovascular disease and cancer: a newly recognized link between two major killers. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:116–117. PubMed

Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Silver AJ, Gibson CJ, Bick AG, Shvartz E, McConkey M, Gupta N, Gabriel S, Ardissino D, Baber U, Mehran R, Fuster V, Danesh J, Frossard P, Saleheen D, Melander O, Sukhova GK, Neuberg D, Libby P, Kathiresan S, Ebert BL. Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017;377:111–121. PubMed PMC

Acuna‐Hidalgo R, Sengul H, Steehouwer M, van de Vorst M, Vermeulen SH, Kiemeney L, Veltman JA, Gilissen C, Hoischen A. Ultra‐sensitive sequencing identifies high prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis‐associated mutations throughout adult life. Am J Hum Genet 2017;101:50–64. PubMed PMC

Genovese G, Kahler AK, Handsaker RE, Lindberg J, Rose SA, Bakhoum SF, Chambert K, Mick E, Neale BM, Fromer M, Purcell SM, Svantesson O, Landén M, Höglund M, Lehmann S, Gabriel SB, Moran JL, Lander ES, Sullivan PF, Sklar P, Grönberg H, Hultman CM, McCarroll SA. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood‐cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2477–2487. PubMed PMC

Jaiswal S, Fontanillas P, Flannick J, Manning A, Grauman PV, Mar BG, Lindsley RC, Mermel CH, Burtt N, Chavez A, Higgins JM, Moltchanov V, Kuo FC, Kluk MJ, Henderson B, Kinnunen L, Koistinen HA, Ladenvall C, Getz G, Correa A, Banahan BF, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S, Stringham HM, McCarthy MI, Boehnke M, Tuomilehto J, Haiman C, Groop L, Atzmon G, Wilson JG, Neuberg D, Altshuler D, Ebert BL. Age‐related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2488–2498. PubMed PMC

Dorsheimer L, Assmus B, Rasper T, Ortmann CA, Ecke A, Abou‐El‐Ardat K, Schmid T, Brüne B, Wagner S, Serve H, Hoffmann J, Seeger F, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM, Rieger MA. Association of mutations contributing to clonal hematopoiesis with prognosis in chronic ischemic heart failure. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:25–33. PubMed PMC

Fuster JJ, MacLauchlan S, Zuriaga MA, Polackal MN, Ostriker AC, Chakraborty R, Wu CL, Sano S, Muralidharan S, Rius C, Vuong J, Jacob S, Muralidhar V, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Andrés V, Hirschi KK, Martin KA, Walsh K. Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice. Science 2017;355:842–847. PubMed PMC

Sano S, Oshima K, Wang Y, MacLauchlan S, Katanasaka Y, Sano M, Zuriaga MA, Yoshiyama M, Goukassian D, Cooper MA, Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Tet2‐mediated clonal hematopoiesis accelerates heart failure through a mechanism involving the IL‐1beta/NLRP3 inflammasome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:875–886. PubMed PMC

Sano S, Oshima K, Wang Y, Katanasaka Y, Sano M, Walsh K. CRISPR‐mediated gene editing to assess the roles of Tet2 and Dnmt3a in clonal hematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2018;123:335–341. PubMed PMC

Shiojima I, Sato K, Izumiya Y, Schiekofer S, Ito M, Liao R, Colucci WS, Walsh K. Disruption of coordinated cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis contributes to the transition to heart failure. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2108–2118. PubMed PMC

Sano M, Minamino T, Toko H, Miyauchi H, Orimo M, Qin Y, Akazawa H, Tateno K, Kayama Y, Harada M, Shimizu I, Asahara T, Hamada H, Tomita S, Molkentin JD, Zou Y, Komuro I. p53‐induced inhibition of Hif‐1 causes cardiac dysfunction during pressure overload. Nature 2007;446:444–448. PubMed

Groarke JD, Choueiri TK, Slosky D, Cheng S, Moslehi J. Recognizing and managing left ventricular dysfunction associated with therapeutic inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2014;16:335. PubMed

Izumiya Y, Shiojima I, Sato K, Sawyer DB, Colucci WS, Walsh K. Vascular endothelial growth factor blockade promotes the transition from compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to failure in response to pressure overload. Hypertension 2006;47:887–893. PubMed PMC

Heineke J, Auger‐Messier M, Xu J, Oka T, Sargent MA, York A, Klevitsky R, Vaikunth S, Duncan SA, Aronow BJ, Robbins J, Cromblehol TM, Molkentin JD. Cardiomyocyte GATA4 functions as a stress‐responsive regulator of angiogenesis in the murine heart. J Clin Invest 2007;117:3198–3210. PubMed PMC

Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis. Nature 2011;473:298–307. PubMed PMC

Pietras K, Ostman A. Hallmarks of cancer: interactions with the tumor stroma. Exp Cell Res 2010;316:1324–1331. PubMed

Farbehi N, Patrick R, Dorison A, Xaymardan M, Janbandhu V, Wystub‐Lis K, Ho JW, Nordon RE, Harvey RP. Single‐cell expression profiling reveals dynamic flux of cardiac stromal, vascular and immune cells in health and injury. Elife 2019;8:e43882. PubMed PMC

Willis MS, Patterson C. Proteotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction – Alzheimer's disease of the heart? N Engl J Med 2013;368:455–464. PubMed

Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 2013;19:1423–1437. PubMed PMC

Frankel T, Lanfranca MP, Zou W. The role of tumor microenvironment in cancer immunotherapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2017;1036:51–64. PubMed

Chen CW, Okada M, Proto JD, Gao X, Sekiya N, Beckman SA, Corselli M, Crisan M, Saparov A, Tobita K, Péault B, Huard J. Human pericytes for ischemic heart repair. Stem Cells 2013;31:305–316. PubMed PMC

Paiva AE, Lousado L, Guerra DA, Azevedo PO, Sena IF, Andreotti JP, Santos GS, Gonçalves R, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Pericytes in the premetastatic niche. Cancer Res 2018;78:2779–2786. PubMed PMC

Oatmen KE, Cull E, Spinale FG. Heart failure as interstitial cancer: emergence of a malignant fibroblast phenotype. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:523–531. PubMed

Cole SW, Nagaraja AS, Lutgendorf SK, Green PA, Sood AK. Sympathetic nervous system regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2015;15:563–572. PubMed PMC

George AJ, Thomas WG, Hannan RD. The renin‐angiotensin system and cancer: old dog, new tricks. Nat Rev Cancer 2010;10:745–759. PubMed

Parati G, Esler M. The human sympathetic nervous system: its relevance in hypertension and heart failure. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1058–1066. PubMed

Kitsis RN, Riquelme JA, Lavandero S. Heart disease and cancer. Circulation 2018;138:692–695. PubMed PMC

Koelwyn GJ, Newman AA, Afonso MS, van Solingen C, Corr EM, Brown EJ, Albers KB, Yamaguchi N, Narke D, Schlegel M, Sharma M, Shanley LC, Barrett TJ, Rahman K, Mezzano V, Fisher EA, Park DS, Newman JD, Quail DF, Nelson ER, Caan BJ, Jones LW, Moore KJ. Myocardial infarction accelerates breast cancer via innate immune reprogramming. Nat Med 2020;26:1452–1458. PubMed PMC

Avraham S, Abu‐Sharki S, Shofti R, Haas T, Korin B, Kalfon R, Friedman T, Shiran A, Saliba W, Shaked Y, Aronheim A. Early cardiac remodeling promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Circulation 2020;142:670–683. PubMed

Hicks BM, Filion KB, Yin H, Sakr L, Udell JA, Azoulay L. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and risk of lung cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ 2018;363:k4209. PubMed PMC

Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Holmich LR, Friis S, Pottegard A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a nationwide case‐control study from Denmark. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018;78:673–681.e9. PubMed

Pasternak B, Svanstrom H, Callreus T, Melbye M, Hviid A. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and the risk of cancer. Circulation 2011;123:1729–1736. PubMed

ARB Trialists Collaboration . Effects of telmisartan, irbesartan, valsartan, candesartan, and losartan on cancers in 15 trials enrolling 138,769 individuals. J Hypertens 2011;29:623–635. PubMed

Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Craft AW, Parker L, Berrington de González A. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2012;380:499–505. PubMed PMC

Harbron RW, Chapple CL, O'Sullivan JJ, Best KE, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Pearce MS. Survival adjusted cancer risks attributable to radiation exposure from cardiac catheterisations in children. Heart 2017;103:341–346. PubMed PMC

Zhang S, Liu X, Bawa‐Khalfe T, Lu LS, Lyu YL, Liu LF, Yeh ET. Identification of the molecular basis of doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity. Nat Med 2012;18:1639–1642. PubMed

Ichikawa Y, Ghanefar M, Bayeva M, Wu R, Khechaduri A, Naga Prasad SV, Mutharasan RK, Naik TJ, Ardehali H. Cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is mediated through mitochondrial iron accumulation. J Clin Invest 2014;124:617–630. PubMed PMC

Zhou S, Starkov A, Froberg MK, Leino RL, Wallace KB. Cumulative and irreversible cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by doxorubicin. Cancer Res 2001;61:771–777. PubMed

Lim CC, Zuppinger C, Guo X, Kuster GM, Helmes M, Eppenberger HM, Suter TM, Liao R, Sawyer DB. Anthracyclines induce calpain‐dependent titin proteolysis and necrosis in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 2004;279:8290–8299. PubMed

Li DL, Wang ZV, Ding G, Tan W, Luo X, Criollo A, Xie M, Jiang N, May H, Kyrychenko V, Schneider JW, Gillette TG, Hill JA. Doxorubicin blocks cardiomyocyte autophagic flux by inhibiting lysosome acidification. Circulation 2016;133:1668–1687. PubMed PMC

Ito H, Miller SC, Billingham ME, Akimoto H, Torti SV, Wade R, Gahlmann R, Lyons G, Kedes L, Torti FM. Doxorubicin selectively inhibits muscle gene expression in cardiac muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:4275–4279. PubMed PMC

Garcia‐Pavia P, Kim Y, Restrepo‐Cordoba AM , Lunde IG, Wakimoto H, Smith AM, Toepfer CN, Getz K, Gorham J, Patel P, Ito K, Willcox JA, Arany Z, Li J, Owens AT, Govind R, Nuñez B, Mazaika E, Bayes‐Genis A, Walsh R, Finkelman B, Lupon J, Whiffin N, Serrano I, Midwinter W, Wilk A, Bardaji A, Ingold N, Buchan R, Tayal U, Pascual‐Figal DA, de Marvao A, Ahmad M, Garcia‐Pinilla JM, Pantazis A, Dominguez F, John Baksi A, O'Regan DP, Rosen SD, Prasad SK, Lara‐Pezzi E, Provencio M, Lyon AR, Alonso‐Pulpon L, Cook SA, SR DePalma, Barton PJ, Aplenc R, Seidman JG, Ky B, Ware JS, Seidman CE. Genetic variants associated with cancer therapy‐induced cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2019;140:31–41. PubMed PMC

Crone SA, Zhao YY, Fan L, Gu Y, Minamisawa S, Liu Y, Peterson KL, Chen J, Kahn R, Condorelli G, Ross J Jr, Chien KR, Lee KF. ErbB2 is essential in the prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Med 2002;8:459–465. PubMed

Necela BM, Axenfeld BC, Serie DJ, Kachergus JM, Perez EA, Thompson EA, Norton N. The antineoplastic drug, trastuzumab, dysregulates metabolism in iPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes. Clin Transl Med 2017;6:5. PubMed PMC

Zeglinski M, Ludke A, Jassal DS, Singal PK. Trastuzumab‐induced cardiac dysfunction: a ‘dual‐hit’. Exp Clin Cardiol 2011;16:70–74. PubMed PMC

Salem JE, Manouchehri A, Moey M, Lebrun‐Vignes B, Bastarache L, Pariente A, Gobert A, Spano JP, Balko JM, Bonaca MP, Roden DM, Johnson DB, Moslehi JJ. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:1579–1589. PubMed PMC

Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune‐related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med 2018;378:158–168. PubMed

Hu JR, Florido R, Lipson EJ, Naidoo J, Ardehali R, Tocchetti CG, Lyon AR, Padera RF, Johnson DB, Moslehi J. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cardiovasc Res 2019;115:854–868. PubMed PMC

Zamorano JL, Lancellotti P, Rodriguez Munoz D, Aboyans V, Asteggiano R, Galderisi M, Habib G, Lenihan DJ, Lip GY, Lyon AR, Lopez Fernandez T, Mohty D, Piepoli MF, Tamargo J, Torbicki A, Suter TM. 2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: The Task Force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2016;37:2768–2801. PubMed

Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Baron‐Esquivias G, Bogaert J, Brucato A, Gueret P, Klingel K, Lionis C, Maisch B, Mayosi B, Pavie A, Ristic AD, Sabaté Tenas M, Seferovic P, Swedberg K, Tomkowski W. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: the European Association for Cardio‐Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2015;36:2921–2964. PubMed PMC

Farmakis D, Mantzourani M, Filippatos G. Anthracycline‐induced cardiomyopathy: secrets and lies. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:907–909. PubMed

Muller OJ, Heckmann MB, Ding L, Rapti K, Rangrez AY, Gerken T, Christiansen N, UEE Rennefahrt, Witt H, González Maldonado S, Ternes P, Schwab DM, Ruf T, Hille S, Remes A, Jungmann A, Weis TM, Kreußer JS, Gröne HJ, Backs J, Schatz P, Katus HA, Frey N. Comprehensive plasma and tissue profiling reveals systemic metabolic alterations in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Cardiovasc Res 2019;115:1296‐1305. PubMed

Akbay EA, Moslehi J, Christensen CL, Saha S, Tchaicha JH, Ramkissoon SH, Stewart KM, Carretero J, Kikuchi E, Zhang H, Cohoon TJ, Murray S, Liu W, Uno K, Fisch S, Jones K, Gurumurthy S, Gliser C, Choe S, Keenan M, Son J, Stanley I, Losman JA, Padera R, Bronson RT, Asara JM, Abdel‐Wahab O, Amrein PC, Fathi AT, Danial NN, Kimmelman AC, Kung AL, Ligon KL, Yen KE, Kaelin WG Jr, Bardeesy N, Wong KK. D‐2‐hydroxyglutarate produced by mutant IDH2 causes cardiomyopathy and neurodegeneration in mice. Genes Dev 2014;28:479–490. PubMed PMC

Karlstaedt A, Zhang X, Vitrac H, Harmancey R, Vasquez H, Wang JH, Goodell MA, Taegtmeyer H. Oncometabolite d‐2‐hydroxyglutarate impairs alpha‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and contractile function in rodent heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:10436–10441. PubMed PMC

Bertero E, Maack C. Metabolic remodelling in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018;15:457–470. PubMed

Losman JA, Kaelin WG Jr. What a difference a hydroxyl makes: mutant IDH, (R)‐2‐hydroxyglutarate, and cancer. Genes Dev 2013;27:836–852. PubMed PMC

Intlekofer AM, Dematteo RG, Venneti S, Finley LW, Lu C, Judkins AR, Rustenburg AS, Grinaway PB, Chodera JD, Cross JR, Thompson CB. Hypoxia induces production of L‐2‐hydroxyglutarate. Cell Metab 2015;22:304–311. PubMed PMC

Oldham WM, Clish CB, Yang Y, Loscalzo J. Hypoxia‐mediated increases in L‐2‐hydroxyglutarate coordinate the metabolic response to reductive stress. Cell Metab 2015;22:291–303. PubMed PMC

Nadtochiy SM, Urciuoli W, Zhang J, Schafer X, Munger J, Brookes PS. Metabolomic profiling of the heart during acute ischemic preconditioning reveals a role for SIRT1 in rapid cardioprotective metabolic adaptation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015;88:64–72. PubMed PMC

Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KC. Cancer‐associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018;4:17105. PubMed

Anker MS, Holcomb R, Muscaritoli M, von Haehling S, Haverkamp W, Jatoi A, Morley JE, Strasser F, Landmesser U, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: a systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019;10:22–34. PubMed PMC

Zheng Y, Chen H, Li X, Sun Y. Pay attention to cardiac remodeling in cancer cachexia. Support Care Cancer 2016;24:3253–3259. PubMed

Henning RJ, Harbison RD. Cardio‐oncology: cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy. Future Cardiol 2017;13:379–396. PubMed

Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Cancer causes cardiac atrophy and autophagy in a sexually dimorphic manner. Cancer Res 2011;71:1710–1720. PubMed PMC

Zhou X, Wang JL, Lu J, Song Y, Kwak KS, Jiao Q, Rosenfeld R, Chen Q, Boone T, Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Goldberg AL, Han HQ. Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival. Cell 2010;142:531–543. PubMed

Toledo M, Springer J, Busquets S, Tschirner A, Lopez‐Soriano FJ, Anker SD, Argilés JM. Formoterol in the treatment of experimental cancer cachexia: effects on heart function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014;5:315–320. PubMed PMC

Belloum Y, Rannou‐Bekono F, Favier FB. Cancer‐induced cardiac cachexia: pathogenesis and impact of physical activity. Oncol Rep 2017;37:2543–2552. PubMed

Springer J, Tschirner A, Haghikia A, von Haehling S, Lal H, Grzesiak A, Kaschina E, Palus S, Pötsch M, von Websky K, Hocher B, Latouche C, Jaisser F, Morawietz L, Coats AJ, Beadle J, Argiles JM, Thum T, Földes G, Doehner W, Hilfiker‐Kleiner D, Force T, Anker SD. Prevention of liver cancer cachexia‐induced cardiac wasting and heart failure. Eur Heart J 2014;35:932–941. PubMed PMC

Schafer M, Oeing CU, Rohm M, Baysal‐Temel E, Lehmann LH, Bauer R, Volz HC, Boutros M, Sohn D, Sticht C, Gretz N, Eichelbaum K, Werner T, Hirt MN, Eschenhagen T, Müller‐Decker K, Strobel O, Hackert T, Krijgsveld J, Katus HA, Berriel Diaz M, Backs J, Herzig S. Ataxin‐10 is part of a cachexokine cocktail triggering cardiac metabolic dysfunction in cancer cachexia. Mol Metab 2016;5:67–78. PubMed PMC

Argiles JM, Stemmler B, Lopez‐Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Inter‐tissue communication in cancer cachexia. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018;15:9–20. PubMed

Stewart Coats AJ, Ho GF, Prabhash K, von Haehling S, Tilson J, Brown R, Beadle J, Anker SD; ACT‐ONE Study Group . Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III/IV non‐small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT‐ONE trial). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7:355–365. PubMed PMC

Ishida J, Saitoh M, Doehner W, von Haehling S, Anker M, Anker SD, Springer J. Animal models of cachexia and sarcopenia in chronic illness: cardiac function, body composition changes and therapeutic results. Int J Cardiol 2017;238:12–18. PubMed

Ameri P, Canepa M, Anker MS, Belenkov Y, Bergler‐Klein J, Cohen‐Solal A, Farmakis D, López‐Fernández T, Lainscak M, Pudil R, Ruschitska F, Seferovic P, Filippatos G, Coats A, Suter T, von Haehling S, Ciardiello F, de Boer RA, Lyon AR, Tocchetti CG; Heart Failure Association Cardio‐Oncology Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology . Cancer diagnosis in patients with heart failure: epidemiology, clinical implications and gaps in knowledge. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:879–887. PubMed

Cramer L, Hildebrandt B, Kung T, Wichmann K, Springer J, Doehner W, Sandek A, Valentova M, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Riess H, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Cardiovascular function and predictors of exercise capacity in patients with colorectal cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1310–1319. PubMed

Pavo N, Raderer M, Hulsmann M, Neuhold S, Adlbrecht C, Strunk G, Goliasch G, Gisslinger H, Steger GG, Hejna M, Köstler W, Zöchbauer‐Müller S, Marosi C, Kornek G, Auerbach L, Schneider S, Parschalk B, Scheithauer W, Pirker R, Drach J, Zielinski C, Pacher R. Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with cancer and their association with all‐cause mortality. Heart 2015;101:1874–1880. PubMed

Lynce F, Barac A, Geng X, Dang C, Yu AF, Smith KL, Gallagher C, Pohlmann PR, Nunes R, Herbolsheimer P, Warren R, Srichai MB, Hofmeyer M, Cunningham A, Timothee P, Asch FM, Shajahan‐Haq A, Tan MT, Isaacs C, Swain SM. Prospective evaluation of the cardiac safety of HER2‐targeted therapies in patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer and compromised heart function: the SAFE‐HEaRt study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019;175:595–603. PubMed PMC

Hellmann K. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity prevention by dexrazoxane: breakthrough of a barrier–sharpens antitumor profile and therapeutic index. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:332–333. PubMed

Blanco JG, Sun CL, Landier W, Chen L, Esparza‐Duran D, Leisenring W, Mays A, Friedman DL, Ginsberg JP, Hudson MM, Neglia JP, Oeffinger KC, Ritchey AK, Villaluna D, Relling MV, Bhatia S. Anthracycline‐related cardiomyopathy after childhood cancer: role of polymorphisms in carbonyl reductase genes – a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1415–1421. PubMed PMC

Couture L, Nash JA, Turgeon J. The ATP‐binding cassette transporters and their implication in drug disposition: a special look at the heart. Pharmacol Rev 2006;58:244–258. PubMed

Dierickx P, Vermunt MW, Muraro MJ, Creyghton MP, Doevendans PA, van Oudenaarden A, Geijsen N, van Laake LW. Circadian networks in human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes. EMBO Rep 2017;18:1199–1212. PubMed PMC

Robert, J . Preclinical assessment of anthracycline cardiotoxicity in laboratory animals: Predictiveness and pitfalls. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007;23:27–37. 10.1007/s10565-006-0142-9 PubMed DOI

Lother A, Bergemann S, Kowalski J, Huck M, Gilsbach R, Bode C, Hein L. Inhibition of the cardiac myocyte mineralocorticoid receptor ameliorates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Res 2018;114:282–290. PubMed

Hayward R, Hydock DS. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the rat: an in vivo characterization. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2007;46:20–32. PubMed

Odiete O, Hill MF, Sawyer DB. Neuregulin in cardiovascular development and disease. Circ Res 2012;111:1376–1385. PubMed PMC

Lenihan DJ, Anderson SA, Lenneman CG, Brittain E, Muldowney JA 3rd, Mendes L, Zhao PZ, Iaci J, Frohwein S, Zolty R, Eisen A, Sawyer DB, Caggiano AO. A phase I, single ascending dose study of cimaglermin alfa (neuregulin 1beta3) in patients with systolic dysfunction and heart failure. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016;1:576–586. PubMed PMC

Bracun V, Aboumsallem JP, van der Meer P, de Boer RA. Cardiac biomarkers in patients with cancer: considerations, clinical implications, and future avenues. Curr Oncol Rep 2020;22:67. PubMed PMC

Shi C, van der Wal HH, Sillje HH, Dokter MM, van den Berg F, Huizinga L, Vriesema M, Post J, Anker SD, Cleland JG, Ng LL, Samani NJ, Dickstein K, Zannad F, Lang CC, van Haelst PL, Gietema JA, Metra M, Ameri P, Canepa M, van Veldhuisen DJ, Voors AA, de Boer RA. Tumour biomarkers: association with heart failure outcomes. J Intern Med 2020;288:207–218. PubMed PMC

Conrad N, Judge A, Tran J, Mohseni H, Hedgecott D, Crespillo AP, Allison M, Hemingway H, Cleland JG, McMurray JJ, Rahimi K. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population‐based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet 2018;391:572–580. PubMed PMC

Mandalenakis Z, Karazisi C, Skoglund K, Rosengren A, Lappas G, Eriksson P, Dellborg M. Risk of cancer among children and young adults with congenital heart disease compared with healthy controls. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e196762. PubMed

Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart 2007;93:1137–1146. PubMed PMC

Weberpals J, Jansen L, Muller OJ, Brenner H. Long‐term heart‐specific mortality among 347 476 breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy: a registry‐based cohort study. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3896–3903. PubMed

Ergatoudes C, Schaufelberger M, Andersson B, Pivodic A, Dahlstrom U, Fu M. Non‐cardiac comorbidities and mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction: a study using the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. Clin Res Cardiol 2019;108:1025–1033. PubMed PMC

Bonsu JM, Guha A, Charles L, Yildiz VO, Wei L, Baker B, Brammer JE, Awan F, Lustberg M, Reinbolt R, Miller ED, Jneid H, Ruz P, Carter RR, Milks MW, Paskett ED, Addison D. Reporting of cardiovascular events in clinical trials supporting FDA approval of contemporary cancer therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:620–628. PubMed PMC

Bonsu J, Charles L, Guha A, Awan F, Woyach J, Yildiz V, Wei L, Jneid H, Addison D. Representation of patients with cardiovascular disease in pivotal cancer clinical trials. Circulation 2019;139:2594–2596. PubMed PMC