UNLABELLED: Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal protist colonizing the human intestine the prevalence of which varies across non-industrialized and industrialized countries. Its role in the human gut ecosystem remains unclear due to persisting gaps in knowledge of epidemiology and factors affecting gut colonization. Here, we aimed to expand the knowledge of the epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in the gut-healthy humans in one of the industrialized European countries, including the distribution of its subtypes, the correlation between its occurrence and several factors such as lifestyle, contact with animals, age, and sex. A total of 288 stool samples were obtained from asymptomatic individuals over the entire age-range and 136 samples from animals with which the volunteers were in frequent contact. All samples were examined in parallel by PCR and xenic in vitro culture. Blastocystis sp. was detected in samples from both human and non-human hosts. In humans, the overall prevalence was 24% and eight subtypes were found; in animals, the prevalence was 10%, and only five subtypes were detected. A higher incidence of Blastocystis sp. was observed in individuals (i) traveling outside Europe, (ii) in frequent contact with livestock, and (iii) over 50 years of age. We found no effect on gender on Blastocystis sp. colonization. SUMMARY: This study provides data on the prevalence and diversity of the gut protist Blastocystis sp. and its subtypes in a gut-healthy human population with emphasis on several factors such as contact with animals, lifestyle, age, and gender.

Biology Center Institute of Parasitology The Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czechia

Department of Bacteria Parasites and Fungi Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czechia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Abdulsalam A. M., Ithoi I., Al-Mekhlafi H. M., Khan A. H., Ahmed A., Surin J., et al. . (2013). Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in sebha, libya. Parasit. Vectors 8:86. 10.1186/1756-3305-6-86 PubMed DOI PMC

Alexeieff A. (1911). Sur nature des formations dites kystes de Trichomonas intestinalis. C. R. Soc. Biol. 71, 296–298.

Alfellani M. A., Stensvold C. R., Vidal-Lapiedra A., Onuoha E. S. U., Fagbenro-Beyioku A. F., Clark C. G. (2013b). Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 126, 11–18. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.011 PubMed DOI

Alfellani M. A., Taner-Mulla D., Jacob A. S., Imeede C. A., Yoshikawa H., Stensvold C. R., et al. . (2013a). Genetic diversity of Blastocystis in livestock and zoo animals. Protist 164, 497–509. 10.1016/j.protis.2013.05.003 PubMed DOI

Andersen L. O., Bonde I., Nielsen H. B., Stensvold C. R. (2015). A retrospective metagenomics approach to studying Blastocystis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 91:fiv072. 10.1093/femsec/fiv072 PubMed DOI

Andersen L. O., Karim A. B., Roager H. M., Vigsnaes L. K., Krogfelt K. A., Licht T.R., et al. . (2016). Associations between common intestinal parasites and bacteria in humans as revealed by qPCR. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 35, 1427–1431. 10.1007/s10096-016-2680-2 PubMed DOI

Angelici M. C., Nardis C., Scarpelli R., Ade P. (2018). Blastocystis hominis transmission by non-potable water: a case report in Italy. New Microbiol. 41, 173–177. PubMed

Audebert C., Even G., Cian A., Loywick A., Merlin S., Viscogliosi E., et al. . (2016). Colonization with the enteric protozoa Blastocystis is associated with increased diversity of human gut bacterial microbiota. Sci. Rep. 6:25255. 10.1038/srep25255 PubMed DOI PMC

Bart A., Wentink-Bonnema E. M., Gilis H., Verhaar N., Wassenaar C. J., van Vugt M., et al. . (2013). Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blastocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital setting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect. Dis. 13:389. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-389 PubMed DOI PMC

Chabé M., Lokmer A., Ségurel L. (2017). Gut protozoa: friends or foes of the human gut microbiota? Trends Parasitol. 33, 925–934. 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.005 PubMed DOI

Cian A., El Safadi D., Osman M., Moriniere R., Gantois N., Benamrouz-Vanneste S., et al. . (2017). Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in various animal groups from two French zoos and evaluation of potential zoonotic risk. PLoS ONE 12:e0169659. 10.1371/journal.pone.0169659 PubMed DOI PMC

Clark C. G., Stensvold C. R. (2016). Blastocystis: isolation, xenic cultivation, and cryopreservation. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 43, 369–377. 10.1002/cpmc.18 PubMed DOI

Clark C. G., van der Giezen M., Alfellani M. A., Stensvold C. R. (2013). Recent developments in Blastocystis research. Adv. Parasitol. 82, 1–32. 10.1016/B978-0-12-407706-5.00001-0 PubMed DOI

David É. B., Guimarães S., De Oliveira A. P., Bittencourt G. N., Nardi A. R. M., Ribolla P. E. M., et al. . (2015). Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit. Vectors 8:103. 10.1186/s13071-015-0714-8 PubMed DOI PMC

El Safadi D., Cian A., Nourrisson C., Pereira B., Morelle C., Bastien P., et al. . (2016). Prevalence, risk factors for infection and subtype distribution of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. from a large-scale multi-center study in France. BMC Infect. Dis. 16:451. 10.1186/s12879-016-1776-8 PubMed DOI PMC

El Safadi D., Gaayeb L., Meloni D., Cian A., Poirier P., Wawrzyniak I., et al. . (2014). Children of senegal river basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 1471–2334. 10.1186/1471-2334-14-164 PubMed DOI PMC

Forsell J., Granlund M., Stensvold C. R., Clark G. C., Evengard B. (2012). Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates in Swedish patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31, 1689–1696. 10.1007/s10096-011-1416-6 PubMed DOI

Greige S., El Safadi D., Khaled S., Gantois N., Baydoun M., Chemaly M., et al. . (2019). First report on the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in dairy cattle in lebanon and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Acta Trop. 194, 23–29. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.013 PubMed DOI

Greige S., Safadi D., El Bécu N., Gantois N., Pereira B., Chabé M., et al. . (2018). Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. isolates from poultry in lebanon and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasit. Vectors 11:389. 10.1186/s13071-018-2975-5 PubMed DOI PMC

Guindon S., Gascuel O. (2003). A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52, 696–704. 10.1080/10635150390235520 PubMed DOI

Jalallou N., Iravani S., Rezaeian M., Alinaghizade A., Mirjalali H. (2017). Subtypes distribution and frequency of Blastocystis sp. isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients. Iran. J. Parasitol. 12, 63–68. PubMed PMC

Jeremiah S., Parija S. (2013). Blastocystis: taxonomy, biology and virulence. Trop. Parasitol. 3, 17–25. 10.4103/2229-5070.113894 PubMed DOI PMC

Jiménez P. A., Jaimes J. E., Ramírez J. D. (2019). A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America. Parasit. Vectors 12:376. 10.1186/s13071-019-3641-2 PubMed DOI PMC

Katoh K., Kuma K. I., Toh H., Miyata T. (2005). MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 511–518. 10.1093/nar/gki198 PubMed DOI PMC

Koltas I. S., Eroglu F. (2016). Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates using SSU rRNA-DNA sequencing in rural and urban population in southern Turkey. Exp. Parasitol. 170, 247–251. 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.006 PubMed DOI

Krogsgaard L. R., Andersen L., O'Brien Johannesen T. B., Engsbro A. L., Stensvold C. R., et al. . (2018). Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 9:161. 10.1038/s41424-018-0027-2 PubMed DOI PMC

Krogsgaard L. R., Engsbro A. L., Stensvold C. R., Nielsen H. V., Bytzer P. (2015). The prevalence of intestinal parasites is not greater among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based case-control study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 507–513. 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.065 PubMed DOI

Lee H., Lee S. H., Seo M. G., Kim H. Y., Kim J. W., Lee Y. R., et al. . (2018). Occurrence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in Korean cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 258, 70–73. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.010 PubMed DOI

Leelayoova S., Siripattanapipong S., Thathaisong U., Naaglor T., Taamasri P., Piyaraj P., et al. . (2018). Drinking water: a possible source of Blastocystis spp. subtype 1 infection in schoolchildren of a rural community in central Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 401–406. 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.401 PubMed DOI

Leelayoova S., Taamasri P., Rangsin R., Naaglor T., Thathaisong U., Mungthin M. (2002). In-vitro cultivation: a sensitive method for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96, 803–807. 10.1179/000349802125002275 PubMed DOI

Lukeš J., Stensvold C. R., Jirku-Pomajbíková K., Wegener Parfrey L. (2015). Are human intestinal eukaryotes beneficial or commensals? PLoS Pathog. 11:e1005039. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005039 PubMed DOI PMC

Maloney J. G., Lombard J. E., Urie N. J., Shivley C. B., Santin M. (2019). Zoonotic and genetically diverse subtypes of Blastocystis in US pre-weaned dairy heifer calves. Parasitol. Res. 118, 575–582. 10.1007/s00436-018-6149-3 PubMed DOI

Mardani Kataki M., Tavalla M., Beiromvand M. (2019). Higher prevalence of Blastocystis hominis in healthy individuals than patients with gastrointestinal symptoms from Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 65, 160–164. 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.018 PubMed DOI

Mohammad N. A., Al-Mekhlafi H. M., Moktar N., Anuar T. S. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis infection among underprivileged communities in rural Malaysia. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 10, 491–497. 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.001 PubMed DOI

Nieves-Ramirez M. E., Partida-Rodriguez O., Laforest-Lapointe L. A., Reynolds L. A., Brown E. M., Morien E., et al. . (2018). Asymptomatic intestinal colonization with protist Blastocystis. mSystems 3, e00007–18. 10.1128/mSystems.00007-18 PubMed DOI PMC

Noël C., Dufernez F. (2005). Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 348–355. 10.1128/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005 PubMed DOI PMC

Nourrisson C., Scanzi J., Pereira B., Nkoudmongo C., Wawrzyniak I., Cian A., et al. . (2014). Blastocystis is associated with decrease of fecal microbiota protective bacteria: comparative analysis between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects. PLoS ONE 9:e111868. 10.1371/journal.pone.0111868 PubMed DOI PMC

Oliveira-Arbex A. P., David É. B., Guimarães S. (2018). Blastocystis genetic diversity among children of low-income daycare center in Southeastern Brazil. Infect. Genet. Evol. 57, 59–63. 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.005 PubMed DOI

Pandey P. K., Verma P., Marathe N., Shetty S., Bavdekar A., Patole M. S., et al. . (2015). Prevalence and subtype analysis of Blastocystis in healthy Indian individuals. Infect. Genet. Evol. 31, 296–299. 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.012 PubMed DOI

Parfrey L. W., Walters W. A., Lauber C. L., Clemente J. C., Berg-Lyons D., Teiling C., et al. . (2014). Communities of microbial eukaryotes in the mammalian gut within the context of environmental eukaryotic diversity. Front. Microbiol. 5:298. 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00298 PubMed DOI PMC

Parkar U., Traub R. J., Vitali S., Elliot A., Levecke B., Robertson I., et al. . (2010). Molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates from zoo animals and their animal-keepers. Vet. Parasitol. 169, 8–17. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.032 PubMed DOI

Paulos S., Koster P. C., de Lucio A., Hernandez-de-Mingo M., Cardona G. A., Fernandez-Crespo J. C., et al. . (2018). Occurrence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in humans, dogs and cats sharing household in northern Spain and assessment of zoonotic transmission risk. Zoonoses Public Health 65, 993–1002. 10.1111/zph.12522 PubMed DOI

Petersen A. M., Stensvold C. R., Mirsepasi H., Engberg J., Friis-Møller A., Porsbo L. J., et al. . (2013). Active ulcerative colitis associated with low prevalence of Blastocystis and Dientamoeba fragilis infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 48, 638–639. 10.3109/00365521.2013.780094 PubMed DOI

Poirier P., Wawrzyniak I., Vivarès C. P., Delbac F., El Alaoui H. (2012). New insights into Blastocystis spp. a potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog. 8:e1002545. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002545 PubMed DOI PMC

Poulsen C. S., Efunshile A. M., Nelson J. A., Stensvold C. R. (2016). Epidemiological aspects of Blastocystis colonization in children in Ilero, Nigeria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95, 175–179. 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0074 PubMed DOI PMC

Rambaut A. (2016). FigTree v1.4.3. Available online at: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed April 10, 2016).

Rambaut A., Drummond A., Xie D. (2018). Tracerv1.7. Available online at: http://beast.community/tracer (accessed March 10, 2020).

Ramírez J. D., Flórez C., Olivera M., Bernal M. C., Giraldo J. C. (2017). Blastocystis subtyping and its association with intestinal parasites in children from different geographical regions of Colombia. PLoS ONE 12:e0172586. 10.1371/journal.pone.0172586 PubMed DOI PMC

Ramírez J. D., Sánchez A., Hernández C., Flórez C., Bernal M. C., Giraldo J. C., et al. . (2016). Geographic distribution of human Blastocystis subtypes in South America. Infect. Genet. Evol. 41, 32–35. 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.017 PubMed DOI

Ramírez J. D., Sánchez L. V., Bautista D. C., Corredor A. F., Flórez A. C., Stensvold C. R. (2014). Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 22, 223–228. 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.020 PubMed DOI

Rezaei Riabi T., Haghighi A., Mirjalali H., Poirier P., Zali M. R., Delbac F., et al. . (2018). Genetic diversity analysis of Blastocystis subtypes from both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using a barcoding region from the 18S rRNA gene. Infect. Genet. Evol. 61, 119–126. 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.026 PubMed DOI

Roberts T., Stark D., Harkness J., Ellis J. (2013). Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from a variety of animals from New South Wales, Australia. Vet. Parasitol. 196, 85–89. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.011 PubMed DOI

Ronquist F., Teslenko M., Van der Mark P., Ayres D. L., Darling A., Höhna S., et al. . (2012). Efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539–542. 10.1093/sysbio/sys029 PubMed DOI PMC

Rossen N. G., Bart A., Verhaar N., van Nood E., Kootte R., de Groot P. F., et al. . (2015). Low prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in active ulcerative colitis patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34, 1039–1044. 10.1007/s10096-015-2312-2 PubMed DOI PMC

Rudzińska M., Kowalewska B., Waz P., Sikorska K., Szostakowska B. (2019). Blastocystis subtypes isolated from travelers and non-travelers from the north of Poland—a single center study. Infect. Genet. Evol. 75, 10–26. 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103926 PubMed DOI

Scanlan P. D., Knight R., Song S. J., Ackermann G., Cotter P. D. (2016). Prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in family units living in the United States. Infect. Genet. Evol. 45, 95–97. 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.018 PubMed DOI

Scanlan P. D., Marchesi J. R. (2008). Micro-eukaryotic diversity of the human distal gut microbiota: qualitative assessment using culture-dependent and -independent analysis of faeces. ISME J. 2, 1183–1193. 10.1038/ismej.2008.76 PubMed DOI

Scanlan P. D., Ross R. P., Stanton C., Cotter P. D., Hill C. J., Ryan C. A. (2018). The intestinal protist Blastocystis is not a common member of the healthy infant gut microbiota in a Westernized country (Ireland). Parasitol 145, 1274–1278. 10.1017/S0031182018000033 PubMed DOI

Scanlan P. D., Stensvold C. R. (2013). Blastocystis: getting to grips with our guileful guest. Trends Parasitol. 29, 523–529. 10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.006 PubMed DOI

Scanlan P. D., Stensvold C. R., Rajilić-Stojanović M., Heilig H. G. H. J., De Vos W. M., O'Toole P. W., et al. . (2014). The microbial eukaryote Blastocystis is a prevalent and diverse member of the healthy human gut microbiota. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 90, 326–330. 10.1111/1574-6941.12396 PubMed DOI

Scicluna S. M., Tawari B., Clark C. G. (2006). DNA barcoding of Blastocystis. Protist 157, 77–85. 10.1016/j.protis.2005.12.001 PubMed DOI

Sekar U., Shanthi M. (2015). Recent insights into the genetic diversity, epidemiology and clinical relevance of Blastocystis species. J. Med. Res. 1, 33–39.

Seyer A., Karasartova D., Ruh E., Güreser A. S., Turgal E., Imir T., et al. . (2017). Epidemiology and prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in North Cyprus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96, 1164–1170. 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0706 PubMed DOI PMC

Silberman J. D., Sogin M. L., Leipe D. D., Clark C. G. (1996). Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature 4, 380–398. 10.1038/380398a0 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Alfellani M., Clark C. G. (2012). Levels of genetic diversity vary dramatically between Blastocystis subtypes. Infect. Genet. Evol. 12, 263–273. 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.002 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Arendrup M. C., Jespersgaard C., Molbak K., Nielsen H. V. (2007). Detecting Blastocystis using parasitologic and DNA-based methods: a comparative study. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59, 303–307. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.06.003 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Clark C. G. (2016a). Current status of Blastocystis: a personal view. Parasitol. Int. 65, 763–771. 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.015 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Clark C. G. (2016b). Molecular identification and subtype analysis of Blastocystis. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 43, 1934–8525. 10.1002/cpmc.17 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Clark C. G. (2020). Pre-empting pandora's box: Blastocystis subtypes revisited. Trends Parasitol. 36, 229–232. 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.009 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Lebbad M., Hansen A., Beser J., Belkessa S., Andersen L. O., et al. . (2020b). Differentiation of Blastocystis and parasitic archamoebids encountered in untreated wastewater samples by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasite Epidemiol. Control. 9:e00131. 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00131 PubMed DOI PMC

Stensvold C. R., Lewis H. C., Hammerum A. M., Porsbo L. J., Nielsen S. S., Olsen K. E., et al. . (2009). Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol. Infect. 137, 1655–1663. 10.1017/S0950268809002672 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., Tan K. S. W., Clark C. G. (2020a).  Blastocystis. Trends Parasitol. 36, 315–316. 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.008 PubMed DOI

Stensvold C. R., van der Giezen M. (2018). Associations between gut microbiota and common luminal intestinal parasites. Trends Parasitol. 34, 369–377. 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.004 PubMed DOI

Suresh K., Smith H. (2004). Comparison of methods for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23, 509–511. 10.1007/s10096-004-1123-7 PubMed DOI

Tito R. Y., Chaffron S., Caenepeel C., Lima-Mendez G., Wang J., Vieira-Silva S., et al. . (2019). Population-level analysis of Blastocystis subtype prevalence and variation in the human gut microbiota. Gut 68, 1180–1189. 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316106 PubMed DOI PMC

Trifinopoulos J., Nguyen L. T., von Haeseler A., Minh B. Q. (2016). W-IQ-TREE: a fastonline phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, 232–235. 10.1093/nar/gkw256 PubMed DOI PMC

Udonsom R., Changbunjong T., Mori H., Popruk S., Mahittikorn A., Prasertbun R., et al. . (2018). Blastocystis infection and subtype distribution in humans, cattle, goats, and pigs in central and western Thailand. Infect. Genet. Evol. 65, 107–111. 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.007 PubMed DOI

Valença Barbosa C., De Jesus Batista R., Pereira Igreja R., D'Avila Levy C. M., Werneck De Macedo H., et al. . (2017). Distribution of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from humans from an urban community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasit. Vectors 10:518. 10.1186/s13071-017-2458-0 PubMed DOI PMC

Valença-Barbosa C., Do Bomfim T. C. B., Teixeira B. R., Gentile R., Da Costa Neto S. F., Magalhães B. S. N., et al. . (2019). Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis isolated from animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS ONE 14:e0210740. 10.1371/journal.pone.0210740 PubMed DOI PMC

van Hattem J. M., Arcilla M. S., Schultsz C., Bootsma M. C., Verhaar N., Rebers S. P., et al. . (2019). Carriage of Blastocystis spp. in travellers - A prospective longitudinal study. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 27, 87–91. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.06.005 PubMed DOI

Wang J., Gong B., Liu X., Zhao W., Bu T., Zhang W., et al. . (2018). Distribution and genetic diversity of Blastocystis subtypes in various mammal and bird species in northeastern China. Parasit. Vectors 11:522. 10.1186/s13071-018-3106-z PubMed DOI PMC

Wang W., Cuttell L., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H., Inpankaew T., Owen H., Traub R. J. (2013). Diversity of Blastocystis subtypes in dogs in different geographical settings. Parasit. Vectors 24, 215–220. 10.1186/1756-3305-6-215 PubMed DOI PMC

Wang W., Owen H., Traub R. J., Cuttell L., Inpankaew T., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. (2014). Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in pigs and their in-contact humans in Southeast Queensland, Australia, and Cambodia. Vet. Parasitol. 203, 264–269. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.006 PubMed DOI

Wawrzyniak I., Poirier P., Texier C., Delbac F., Viscogliosi E., Dionigia M., et al. . (2013). Distribution and genetic diversity of Blastocystis subtypes in various mammal and bird species in northeastern China. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 1, 167–178. 10.1177/2049936113504754 PubMed DOI PMC

Yan Y., Su S., Ye J., Lai X., Lai R., Liao H., et al. . (2007). Blastocystis sp. subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype. Parasitol. Res. 101, 1527–1532. 10.1007/s00436-007-0672-y PubMed DOI

Yoshikawa H., Koyama Y., Tsuchiya E., Takami K. (2016). Blastocystis phylogeny among various isolates from humans to insects. Parasitol. Int. 65, 750–759. 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.004 PubMed DOI

Zaman V., Ng G. C., Suresh K., Yap E. H., Sing M. (1993). Isolation of Blastocystis from the cockroach (Diptera:Blattidae). Parasitol. Res. 79, 73–74. 10.1007/BF00931221 DOI

Shaping the human gut microbiota: The role of canine companionship, lifestyle choices, and Blastocystis sp

A cross-sectional survey of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in non-human primates and their caregivers in Czech zoos

Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities

Integrated overview of stramenopile ecology, taxonomy, and heterotrophic origin

The opportunistic protist, Giardia intestinalis, occurs in gut-healthy humans in a high-income country

Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei supplementation on the single-cell fecal parasitome in children with celiac disease autoimmunity: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals

Comparison of molecular diagnostic approaches for the detection and differentiation of the intestinal protist Blastocystis sp. in humans

Blastocystis in the faeces of children from six distant countries: prevalence, quantity, subtypes and the relation to the gut bacteriome

Parasitic Intestinal Protists of Zoonotic Relevance Detected in Pigs by Metabarcoding and Real-Time PCR

Blastocystis Colonization Alters the Gut Microbiome and, in Some Cases, Promotes Faster Recovery From Induced Colitis

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Dryad
10.5061/dryad.np5hqbzqv