Inflammation is a marker of arterial disease stemming from cholesterol-dependent to -independent molecular mechanisms. In recent years, the role of inflammation in atherogenesis has been underpinned by pharmacological approaches targeting systemic inflammation that have led to a significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although the use of nutraceuticals to prevent CVD has largely focused on lipid-lowering (e.g, red-yeast rice and omega-3 fatty acids), there is growing interest and need, especially now in the time of coronavirus pandemic, in the use of nutraceuticals to reduce inflammatory markers, and potentially the inflammatory CVD burden, however, there is still not enough evidence to confirm this. Indeed, diet is an important lifestyle determinant of health and can influence both systemic and vascular inflammation, to varying extents, according to the individual nutraceutical constituents. Thus, the aim of this Position Paper is to provide the first attempt at recommendations on the use of nutraceuticals with effective anti-inflammatory properties.

Biotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran

Center for Cardiovascular Innovation University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada

Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Department of Hypertension Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Zielona Gora Zielona Gora Poland

Department of Medicine John Ochsner Medical Center New Orleans LA USA

Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy

Department of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy

Heart Disease Prevention Program Division of Cardiology University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA

Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow United Kingdom

Internal Medicine Section Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy

School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science Liverpool UK

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