Although spatial and temporal variation are both important components structuring microbial communities, the exact quantification of temporal turnover rates of fungi and bacteria has not been performed to date. In this study, we utilised repeated resampling of bacterial and fungal communities at specific locations across multiple years to describe their patterns and rates of temporal turnover. Our results show that microbial communities undergo temporal change at a rate of 0.010-0.025 per year (in units of Sorensen similarity), and the change in soil is slightly faster in fungi than in bacteria, with bacterial communities changing more rapidly in litter than soil. Importantly, temporal development differs across fungal guilds and bacterial phyla with different ecologies. While some microbial guilds show consistent responses across regional locations, others show site-specific development with weak general patterns. These results indicate that guild-level resolution is important for understanding microbial community assembly, dynamics and responses to environmental factors.

Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland

Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská Czech Republic

Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

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Disentangling drivers behind fungal diversity gradients along altitude and latitude

Forest microbiome and global change

Regional biogeography versus intra-annual dynamics of the root and soil microbiome