14-3-3 proteins are universal regulatory proteins and their function depends on their oligomeric form which may alter between the monomeric, homodimeric and heterodimeric states. The populations of individual oligomeric forms are controlled by Kd values of the dimer-monomer equilibria between the involved isoforms. This complex picture is extended by post-translational modifications, e.g. phosphorylation. In this work, we describe the equilibria between monomers, homo- and heterodimers of the 14-3-3ζ isoform in the unmodified and phosphorylated form. To cover a wide range of dimerization affinities, we combined solution NMR, microscale thermophoresis, native PAGE, and a set of novel fluorescence assays. Using a FRET based assay, we also determined the kinetic parameters of dimerization. We found that phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ at Ser58 increases its homodimeric Kd value by 6 orders of magnitude. The presented assays allow to efficiently monitor 14-3-3ζ dimerization as a function of external factors, such as temperature, salt concentration, and client protein binding. For instance, we obtained values of both transient and equilibrium thermodynamic constants for the dimerization, and observed a substantial decrease of 14-3-3ζ dimer dissociation rate upon binding to the doubly phosphorylated regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase. In summary, our work provides a conceptual framework to characterise the isoform exchanges of homo- and heterodimers which can significantly deepen our knowledge about the regulatory function of 14-3-3 proteins.

CEITEC MU Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic

CEITEC MU Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

CEITEC MU Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

CEITEC MU Kamenice 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic https twitter com Tomas_Brom

Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences Technology and Innovation Park P J Šafárik University Jesenná 5 041 54 Košice Slovakia

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Characterization of multiple binding sites on microtubule associated protein 2c recognized by dimeric and monomeric 14-3-3ζ

Structural insights into the functional roles of 14-3-3 proteins

Phosphorylated and Phosphomimicking Variants May Differ-A Case Study of 14-3-3 Protein