In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

Center for Child Health Behavior and Development Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA USA

Center for Research in Marketing and Consumer Psychology Reykjavik University Reykjavik Iceland

Comparative Cognition Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Computer Science and Informatics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa

Department of Education and Pedagogy Division Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Ergonomics Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors Dortmund Germany

Department of Eye and Vision Science Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK

Department of General Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA USA

Department of Geoinformatics Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Industrial Design Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design Jerusalem Israel

Department of Management Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

Department of Neuroscience Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Online Learning and Instruction Faculty of Educational Sciences Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen The Netherlands

Department of Ophthalmology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Brooklyn NY USA

Department of Psychology and Speed Language Pathology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Psychology Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun Poland

Department of Psychology Regensburg University Regensburg Germany

Department of Psychology University of Bonn Bonn Germany

Department of Psychology University of Erfurt Erfurt Germany

Department of Psychology University of Essex Essex UK

Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands

Experimental Psychology Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Eyeviation Systems Herzliya Israel

Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science University of California Berkeley CA USA

Human Computer Interaction University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Institute of Child Development University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA

Institute of Informatics LMU Munich Munich Germany

Institute of Psychology University of Kiel Kiel Germany

Lund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology Lund University Lund Sweden

Lund University Humanities Lab Lund University Lund Sweden

Machine Learning Group Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany

School of Computing University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA

School of Health Professions Education Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands

School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK

School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK

Smart Eye AB Göteborg Sweden

Social Health and Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

SR Research Ltd Ottawa Canada

TAUCHI Research Center Computing Sciences Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Tampere University Tampere Finland

The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit Department of Neuroscience Psychology and Behaviour University of Leicester Leicester UK

TNO Soesterberg The Netherlands

Tobii Pro AB Danderyd Sweden

University of Bern Bern Switzerland

University of British Columbia Columbia Canada

University of Southampton Southampton UK

Vienna University of Economics and Business Vienna Austria

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Behav Res Methods. 2024 Jan;56(1):511-512. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02285-0. PubMed

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