Layered nanoparticles with surface charge are explored as rheological modifiers for extrudable materials, utilizing their ability to induce electrostatic repulsion and create a house-of-cards structure. These nanoparticles provide mechanical support to the polymer matrix, resulting in increased viscosity and storage modulus. Moreover, their advantageous aspect ratio allows for shear-induced orientation and decreased viscosity during flow. In this work, we present a synthesis and liquid-based exfoliation procedure of phenylphosphonate-phosphate particles with enhanced ability to be intercalated by hydrophilic polymers. These layered nanoparticles are then tested as rheological modifiers of sodium alginate. The effective rheological modification is proved as the viscosity increases from 101 up to 103 Pa·s in steady state. Also, shear-thinning behavior is observed. The resulting nanocomposite hydrogels show potential as an extrudable bioink for 3D printing in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications, with good shape fidelity, nontoxicity, and satisfactory cell viability confirmed through encapsulation and printing of mouse fibroblasts.

Centre of Polymer Systems Tomas Bata University in Zlin tr Tomase Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentska 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic

Department of Physics and Materials Engineering Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata University in Zlin Vavreckova 5669 76001 Zlin Czech Republic

Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentska 84 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic

Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien Universitat Bayreuth Prof Rudiger Bormann Strasse 1 95447 Bayreuth Germany

National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases Nabrezie 1 Krasku 4 921 12 Piestany Slovak Republic

Polymer Institute of Slovak academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 84541 Bratislava Slovak Republic

SYNPO a s S K Neumanna 1316 532 07 Pardubice Czech Republic

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