Polyploidization can provide a wealth of genetic variation for adaptive evolution and speciation, but understanding the mechanisms of subgenome evolution as well as its dynamics and ultimate consequences remains elusive. Here, we report the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free reference genome of allotetraploid horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) sequenced using a comprehensive strategy. The (epi)genomic architecture and 3D chromatin structure of the A and B subgenomes differ significantly, suggesting that both the dynamics of the dominant long terminal repeat retrotransposons and DNA methylation have played critical roles in subgenome diversification. Investigation of the genetic basis of biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GSLs) and horseradish peroxidases reveals both the important role of polyploidization and subgenome differentiation in shaping the key traits. Continuous duplication and divergence of essential genes of GSL biosynthesis (e.g., FMOGS-OX, IGMT, and GH1 gene family) contribute to the broad GSL profile in horseradish. Overall, the T2T assembly of the allotetraploid horseradish genome expands our understanding of polyploid genome evolution and provides a fundamental genetic resource for breeding and genetic improvement of horseradish.

Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

College of Information Science and Technology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China

Genome Research Center Leeuwenhoek Biotechnology Inc Hong Kong China

Institute of Biotechnology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China

PheniX Plant Phenomics Research Centre Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China

Shangji Biotechnology Inc Tianjin China

Tobacco College Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou Henan China

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Jiao Y, et al. Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature. 2011;473:97–100. doi: 10.1038/nature09916. PubMed DOI

Zhang L, et al. The ancient wave of polyploidization events in flowering plants and their facilitated adaptation to environmental stress. Plant Cell Environ. 2020;43:2847–2856. doi: 10.1111/pce.13898. PubMed DOI

van de Peer Y, Ashman TL, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Polyploidy: an evolutionary and ecological force in stressful times. Plant Cell. 2021;33:11–26. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koaa015. PubMed DOI PMC

Shan H, Cheng J, Zhang R, Yao X, Kong H. Developmental mechanisms involved in the diversification of flowers. Nat. Plants. 2019;5:917–923. doi: 10.1038/s41477-019-0498-5. PubMed DOI

Paterson AH, Wendel JF. Unraveling the fabric of polyploidy. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015;33:491–493. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3217. PubMed DOI

Osborn TC. The contribution of polyploidy to variation in Brassica species. Physiol. Plant. 2004;121:531–536. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00360.x. DOI

Yang J, et al. The genome sequence of allopolyploid Brassica juncea and analysis of differential homoeolog gene expression influencing selection. Nat. Genet. 2016;48:1225–1232. doi: 10.1038/ng.3657. PubMed DOI

Jiao W, et al. Asymmetrical changes of gene expression, small RNAs and chromatin in two resynthesized wheat allotetraploids. Plant J. 2018;93:828–842. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13805. PubMed DOI

Edger PP, et al. Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome. Nat. Genet. 2019;51:541–547. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0356-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Adams KL, Cronn R, Percifield R, Wendel JF. Genes duplicated by polyploidy show unequal contributions to the transcriptome and organ-specific reciprocal silencing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2003;100:4649–4654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0630618100. PubMed DOI PMC

Nagaharu U. Genome-analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Jpn. J. Bot. 1935;7:389–452.

Wu J, et al. Investigation of Brassica and its relative genomes in the post-genomics era. Hortic. Res. 2022;9:uhac182. doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac182. PubMed DOI PMC

Liu S, et al. The Brassica oleracea genome reveals the asymmetrical evolution of polyploid genomes. Nat. Commun. 2014;5:3930. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4930. PubMed DOI PMC

Mandáková T, Lysak MA. Healthy roots and leaves: comparative genome structure of horseradish and watercress. Plant Physiol. 2019;179:66–73. doi: 10.1104/pp.18.01165. PubMed DOI PMC

Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y. Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. Breed. Sci. 2014;64:48–59. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.48. PubMed DOI PMC

Blažević I, et al. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. Phytochem. 2020;169:112100. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100. PubMed DOI

Wu X, Zhou QH, Xu K. Are isothiocyanates potential anti-cancer drugs? Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2009;30:501–512. doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.50. PubMed DOI PMC

Abbaoui B, Lucas CR, Riedl KM, Clinton SK, Mortazavi A. Cruciferous vegetables, isothiocyanates, and bladder cancer prevention. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018;62:e1800079. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800079. PubMed DOI PMC

Sundaram MK, et al. Dietary isothiocyanates inhibit cancer progression by modulation of epigenome. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;83:353–376. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.021. PubMed DOI

Barth C, Jander G. Arabidopsis myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 have redundant function in glucosinolate breakdown and insect defense. Plant J. 2006;46:549–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02716.x. PubMed DOI

Nakano RT, et al. PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2017;89:204–220. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13377. PubMed DOI

Bednarek P, et al. A glucosinolate metabolism pathway in living plant cells mediates broad-spectrum antifungal defense. Science. 2009;323:101–106. doi: 10.1126/science.1163732. PubMed DOI

Krainer FW, Glieder A. An updated view on horseradish peroxidases: recombinant production and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015;99:1611–1625. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-6346-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Näätsaari L, Krainer FW, Schubert M, Glieder A, Thallinger GG. Peroxidase gene discovery from the horseradish transcriptome. BMC Genom. 2014;15:227. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-227. PubMed DOI PMC

Li S, et al. Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties. Nature. 2022;602:455–460. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04395-9. PubMed DOI

Desta ZA, Ortiz R. Genomic selection: Genome-wide prediction in plant improvement. Trends Plant Sci. 2014;19:592–601. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.05.006. PubMed DOI

Shen F, et al. A bulked segregant analysis tool for out-crossing species (BSATOS) and QTL-based genomics-assisted prediction of complex traits in apple. J. Adv. Res. 2022;42:149–162. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.013. PubMed DOI PMC

Leng PF, Lübberstedt T, Xu ML. Genomics-assisted breeding—a revolutionary strategy for crop improvement. J. Integr. Agric. 2017;16:2674–2685. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61813-6. DOI

Ranallo-Benavidez TR, Jaron KS, Schatz MC. GenomeScope 2.0 and Smudgeplot for reference-free profiling of polyploid genomes. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:1432. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14998-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Jia KH, et al. SubPhaser: a robust allopolyploid subgenome phasing method based on subgenome-specific k-mers. N. Phytol. 2022;235:801–809. doi: 10.1111/nph.18173. PubMed DOI

Ma J, Wing RA, Bennetzen JL, Jackson SA. Plant centromere organization: a dynamic structure with conserved functions. Trends Genet. 2007;23:134–139. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.004. PubMed DOI

Han X, et al. Two haplotype-resolved, gap-free genome assemblies for Actinidia latifolia and Actinidia chinensis shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of vitamin C and sucrose metabolism in kiwifruit. Mol. Plant. 2023;16:452–470. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.022. PubMed DOI

Jayakodi M, et al. The giant diploid faba genome unlocks variation in a global protein crop. Nature. 2023;615:652–659. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05791-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Edger PP, et al. Brassicales phylogeny inferred from 72 plastid genes: a reanalysis of the phylogenetic localization of two paleopolyploid events and origin of novel chemical defenses. Am. J. Bot. 2018;105:463–469. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1040. PubMed DOI

Guo X, et al. Linked by ancestral bonds: Multiple whole-genome duplications and reticulate evolution in a Brassicaceae tribe. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021;38:1695–1714. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa327. PubMed DOI PMC

Schranz ME, Lysak MA, Mitchell-Olds T. The ABC’s of comparative genomics in the Brassicaceae: building blocks of crucifer genomes. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11:535–542. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002. PubMed DOI

Mandáková T, et al. The more the merrier: Recent hybridization and polyploidy in Cardamine. Plant Cell. 2013;25:3280–3295. doi: 10.1105/tpc.113.114405. PubMed DOI PMC

Mandáková T, Marhold K, Lysak MA. The widespread crucifer species Cardamine flexuosa is an allotetraploid with a conserved subgenomic structure. N. Phytol. 2014;201:982–992. doi: 10.1111/nph.12567. PubMed DOI

Liang Z, et al. Epigenetic modifications of mRNA and DNA in plants. Mol. Plant. 2020;13:14–30. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.12.007. PubMed DOI

Pei L, Li G, Lindsey K, Zhang X, Wang M. Plant 3D genomics: the exploration and application of chromatin organization. N. Phytol. 2021;230:1772–1786. doi: 10.1111/nph.17262. PubMed DOI PMC

Shroff R, Vergara F, Muck A, Svatos A, Gershenzon J. Nonuniform distribution of glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves has important consequences for plant defense. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2008;105:6196–6201. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711730105. PubMed DOI PMC

Harun S, Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. A comprehensive gene inventory for glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2020;68:7281–7297. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01916. PubMed DOI

Agerbirk N, et al. Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps. Phytochem. 2021;185:112668. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112668. PubMed DOI

Wang C, Crocoll C, Agerbirk N, Halkier BA. Engineering and optimization of the 2-phenylethylglucosinolate production in Nicotiana benthamiana by combining biosynthetic genes from Barbarea vulgaris and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2021;106:978–992. doi: 10.1111/tpj.15212. PubMed DOI

Agneta R, Möllers C, Rivelli AR. Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), a neglected medical and condiment species with a relevant glucosinolate profile: A review. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2013;60:1923–1943. doi: 10.1007/s10722-013-0010-4. DOI

Popović M, et al. Biological effects of glucosinolate degradation products from horseradish: A horse that wins the race. Biomolecules. 2020;10:343. doi: 10.3390/biom10020343. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang C, Dissing MM, Agerbirk N, Crocoll C, Halkier BA. Characterization of Arabidopsis CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 by glucosinolate pathway engineering in Nicotiana benthamiana shows substrate specificity toward a range of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids. Front. Plant Sci. 2020;11:57. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00057. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang J, et al. Brassicaceae transcriptomes reveal convergent evolution of super-accumulation of sinigrin. Commun. Biol. 2020;3:779. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01523-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu Z, et al. Functional genomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana glycoside hydrolase family 1. Plant Mol. Biol. 2004;55:343–367. doi: 10.1007/s11103-004-0790-1. PubMed DOI

Sugiyama R, Hirai MY. Atypical myrosinase as a mediator of glucosinolate functions in Plants. Front. Plant Sc. 2019;10:1008. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01008. PubMed DOI PMC

Lipka V, et al. Plant science: Pre- and postinvasion defenses both contribute to nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Science. 2005;310:1180–1183. doi: 10.1126/science.1119409. PubMed DOI

Pfalz M, et al. Methyl transfer in glucosinolate biosynthesis mediated by indole glucosinolate O-methyltransferase 5. Plant Physiol. 2016;172:2190–2203. doi: 10.1104/pp.16.01402. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Ming R, Tang H. Assembly of allele-aware, chromosomal-scale autopolyploid genomes based on Hi-C data. Nat. Plants. 2019;5:833–845. doi: 10.1038/s41477-019-0487-8. PubMed DOI

Zhang J, et al. Allele-defined genome of the autopolyploid sugarcane Saccharum spontaneum L. Nat. Genet. 2018;50:1565–1573. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0237-2. PubMed DOI

Yin D, et al. Comparison of Arachis monticola with diploid and cultivated tetraploid genomes reveals asymmetric subgenome evolution and improvement of peanut. Adv. Sci. 2020;7:1901672. doi: 10.1002/advs.201901672. PubMed DOI PMC

Olsen CE, et al. Glucosinolate diversity within a phylogenetic framework of the tribe Cardamineae (Brassicaceae) unraveled with HPLC-MS/MS and NMR-based analytical distinction of 70 desulfoglucosinolates. Phytochem. 2016;132:33–56. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.09.013. PubMed DOI

Byrne SL, et al. The genome sequence of Barbarea vulgaris facilitates the study of ecological biochemistry. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:40728. doi: 10.1038/srep40728. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang J, et al. Genomic signatures of vegetable and oilseed allopolyploid Brassica juncea and genetic loci controlling the accumulation of glucosinolates. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2021;19:2619–2628. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13687. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang J, et al. A naturally occurring variation in the BrMAM-3 gene is associated with aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation in Brassica rapa leaves. Hortic. Res. 2018;5:69. doi: 10.1038/s41438-018-0074-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Wick RR, Judd LM, Holt KE. Performance of neural network basecalling tools for Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Genome Biol. 2019;20:129. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1727-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Marçais G, Kingsford C. A fast, lock-free approach for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of k-mers. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:764–770. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr011. PubMed DOI PMC

Walker BJ, et al. Pilon: An integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112963. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112963. PubMed DOI PMC

Campbell MS, et al. MAKER-P: A Tool kit for the rapid creation, management, and quality control of plant genome annotations. Plant Physiol. 2014;164:513–524. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.230144. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Y, et al. MCScanX: A toolkit for detection and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40:e49. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1293. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang Z. PAML 4: Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2007;24:1586–1591. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm088. PubMed DOI

Durand NC, et al. Juicer provides a one-click system for analyzing loop-resolution Hi-C experiments. Cell Syst. 2016;3:95–98. doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.07.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Dudchenko O, et al. De novo assembly of the Aedes aegypti genome using Hi-C yields chromosome-length scaffolds. Science. 2017;356:92–95. doi: 10.1126/science.aal3327. PubMed DOI PMC

Cheng H, Concepcion GT, Feng X, Zhang H, Li H. Haplotype-resolved de novo assembly using phased assembly graphs with hifiasm. Nat. Methods. 2021;18:170–175. doi: 10.1038/s41592-020-01056-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu M, et al. TGS-GapCloser: A fast and accurate gap closer for large genomes with low coverage of error-prone long reads. Gigascience. 2020;9:giaa094. doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa094. PubMed DOI PMC

Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma KI, Miyata T. MAFFT: A novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059–3066. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkf436. PubMed DOI PMC

Price MN, Dehal PS, Arkin AP. FastTree 2 - Approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9490. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009490. PubMed DOI PMC

Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:1754–1760. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324. PubMed DOI PMC

Kim D, Paggi JM, Park C, Bennett C, Salzberg SL. Graph-based genome alignment and genotyping with HISAT2 and HISAT-genotype. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019;37:907–915. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0201-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Li H. Minimap2: Pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics. 2018;34:3094–3100. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty191. PubMed DOI PMC

Simão FA, Waterhouse RM, Ioannidis P, Kriventseva EV, Zdobnov EM. BUSCO: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:3210–3212. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv351. PubMed DOI

Ou S, Chen J, Jiang N. Assessing genome assembly quality using the LTR Assembly Index (LAI) Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:e126. PubMed PMC

Grabherr MG, et al. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011;29:644–652. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1883. PubMed DOI PMC

Korf I. Gene finding in novel genomes. BMC Bioinforma. 2004;5:59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-5-59. PubMed DOI PMC

Stanke M, Diekhans M, Baertsch R, Haussler D. Using native and syntenically mapped cDNA alignments to improve de novo gene finding. Bioinformatics. 2008;24:637–644. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn013. PubMed DOI

Nawrocki EP, Eddy SR. Infernal 1.1: 100-fold faster RNA homology searches. Bioinformatics. 2013;29:2933–2935. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt509. PubMed DOI PMC

Griffiths-Jones S, Bateman A, Marshall M, Khanna A, Eddy SR. Rfam: An RNA family database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31:439–441. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkg006. PubMed DOI PMC

Bairoch A, Apweiler R. The SWISS-PROT protein sequence data bank and its supplement TrEMBL. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25:31–36. doi: 10.1093/nar/25.1.31. PubMed DOI PMC

Jones P, et al. InterProScan 5: Genome-scale protein function classification. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1236–1240. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu031. PubMed DOI PMC

Ou S, et al. Benchmarking transposable element annotation methods for creation of a streamlined, comprehensive pipeline. Genome Biol. 2019;20:275. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1905-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Ou, S. & Jiang, N. LTR_retriever: A highly accurate and sensitive program for identification of LTR retrotransposons. bioRxiv10.1101/137141 (2017). PubMed PMC

Ellinghaus D, Kurtz S, Willhoeft U. LTRharvest, an efficient and flexible software for de novo detection of LTR retrotransposons. BMC Bioinform. 2008;9:18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-18. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu Z, Wang H. LTR-FINDER: An efficient tool for the prediction of full-length LTR retrotransposons. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:W265–W268. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm286. PubMed DOI PMC

Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:127–128. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529. PubMed DOI

Emms DM, Kelly S. OrthoFinder: phylogenetic orthology inference for comparative genomics. Genome Biol. 2019;20:238. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1832-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1312–1313. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033. PubMed DOI PMC

Kumar S, Stecher G, Suleski M, Hedges SB. TimeTree: A resource for timelines, timetrees, and divergence times. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017;34:1812–1819. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msx116. PubMed DOI

De Bie T, Cristianini N, Demuth JP, Hahn MW. CAFE: A computational tool for the study of gene family evolution. Bioinformatics. 2006;22:1269–1271. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl097. PubMed DOI

Xu S, et al. A high-quality genome assembly of Jasminum sambac provides insight into floral trait formation and Oleaceae genome evolution. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2022;22:724–739. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13497. PubMed DOI

Ramírez F, Dündar F, Diehl S, Grüning BA, Manke T. DeepTools: A flexible platform for exploring deep-sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:W187–W191. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku365. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhong S, et al. Single-base resolution methylomes of tomato fruit development reveal epigenome modifications associated with ripening. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013;31:154–159. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2462. PubMed DOI

Krueger F, Andrews SR. Bismark: A flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:1571–1572. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr167. PubMed DOI PMC

Wolff J, et al. Galaxy HiCExplorer: A web server for reproducible Hi-C data analysis, quality control and visualization. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:W11–W16. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky504. PubMed DOI PMC

Kaul A, Bhattacharyya S, Ay F. Identifying statistically significant chromatin contacts from Hi-C data with FitHiC2. Nat. Protoc. 2020;15:991–1012. doi: 10.1038/s41596-019-0273-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Pertea M, et al. StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015;33:290–295. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3122. PubMed DOI PMC

Edgar RC. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1792–1797. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh340. PubMed DOI PMC

Bailey TL, Johnson J, Grant CE, Noble WS. The MEME suite. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:W39–W49. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv416. PubMed DOI PMC

Shen, F. et al. The allotetraploid horseradish genome provides insights into subgenome diversification and formation of critical traits. Figshare10.6084/m9.figshare.21780176.v2 (2023). PubMed PMC

Shen, F. et al. The allotetraploid horseradish genome provides insights into subgenome diversification and formation of critical traits. Zenodo 10.5281/zenodo.8058147 (2023). PubMed PMC

The allotetraploid horseradish genome provides insights into subgenome diversification and formation of critical traits

Zobrazit více v PubMed

figshare
10.6084/m9.figshare.21780176.v2