Objective.Long-term intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in freely behaving animals provides valuable electrophysiological information and when correlated with animal behavior is useful for investigating brain function.Approach.Here we develop and validate an automated iEEG-based sleep-wake classifier for canines using expert sleep labels derived from simultaneous video, accelerometry, scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and iEEG monitoring. The video, scalp EEG, and accelerometry recordings were manually scored by a board-certified sleep expert into sleep-wake state categories: awake, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and three non-REM sleep categories (NREM1, 2, 3). The expert labels were used to train, validate, and test a fully automated iEEG sleep-wake classifier in freely behaving canines.Main results. The iEEG-based classifier achieved an overall classification accuracy of 0.878 ± 0.055 and a Cohen's Kappa score of 0.786 ± 0.090. Subsequently, we used the automated iEEG-based classifier to investigate sleep over multiple weeks in freely behaving canines. The results show that the dogs spend a significant amount of the day sleeping, but the characteristics of daytime nap sleep differ from night-time sleep in three key characteristics: during the day, there are fewer NREM sleep cycles (10.81 ± 2.34 cycles per day vs. 22.39 ± 3.88 cycles per night;p< 0.001), shorter NREM cycle durations (13.83 ± 8.50 min per day vs. 15.09 ± 8.55 min per night;p< 0.001), and dogs spend a greater proportion of sleep time in NREM sleep and less time in REM sleep compared to night-time sleep (NREM 0.88 ± 0.09, REM 0.12 ± 0.09 per day vs. NREM 0.80 ± 0.08, REM 0.20 ± 0.08 per night;p< 0.001).Significance.These results support the feasibility and accuracy of automated iEEG sleep-wake classifiers for canine behavior investigations.

Bioelectronics Neurophysiology and Engineering Laboratory Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Graduate Program Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester MN United States of America

Center for Sleep Medicine Departments of Neurology and Medicine Divisions of Sleep Neurology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Czech Institute of Informatics Robotics and Cybernetics Czech Technical University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology Brno Czech Republic

Department of Comparative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Department of Engineering Science Oxford University Oxford United Kingdom

Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Department of Neuroradiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States of America

Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Kladno Czech Republic

International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Rochester MN United States of America

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