Mitochondrial dysregulation plays a significant role in the carcinogenesis. On the other hand, its destabilization strongly represses the viability and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Photodynamic and photothermal therapies (PDT and PTT) target mitochondria effectively, providing innovative and non-invasive anticancer therapeutic modalities. Cyanine dyes, with strong mitochondrial selectivity, show significant potential in enhancing PDT and PTT. The potential and limitations of cyanine dyes for mitochondrial PDT and PTT are discussed, along with their applications in combination therapies, theranostic techniques, and optimal delivery systems. Additionally, novel approaches for sonodynamic therapy using photoactive cyanine dyes are presented, highlighting advances in cancer treatment.

1st Department of Surgery Department of Abdominal Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague U Nemocnice 2 121 08 Prague Czech Republic

BIOCEV 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University 252 50 Vestec Prague Czech Republic

Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Ke Karlovu 455 120 00 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Pathological Physiology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 CZ 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

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