Fungi are arguably the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom of organisms in terms of number of estimated species, trophic and life history strategies, and their functions in ecosystems. However, our knowledge of fungi is limited due to a distributional bias; the vast majority of available data on fungi have been compiled from non-tropical regions. Far less is known about fungi from tropical regions, with the bulk of these data being temporally limited surveys for fungal species diversity. Long-term studies (LTS), or repeated sampling from the same region over extended periods, are necessary to fully capture the extent of species diversity in a region, but LTS of fungi from tropical regions are almost non-existent. In this paper, we discuss the contributions of LTS of fungi in tropical regions to alpha diversity, ecological and functional diversity, biogeography, hypothesis testing, and conservation-with an emphasis on an ongoing tropical LTS in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. We show how these contributions refine our understanding of Fungi. We also show that public data repositories such as NCBI, IUCN, and iNaturalist contain less information on tropical fungi compared to non-tropical fungi, and that these discrepancies are more pronounced in fungi than in plants and animals.

Los hongos son, posiblemente, el reino más diverso dentro del dominio Eukaryota en cuanto al número de especies estimadas, estrategias tróficas, ciclos de vida y funciones en los ecosistemas. No obstante, nuestro conocimiento sobre ellos es limitado debido a un sesgo de distribución: la mayoría de los datos disponibles provienen de regiones no tropicales. Se sabe mucho menos sobre los hongos de las zonas tropicales, y la mayor parte de los estudios realizados en estas áreas han sido de corta duración, centrados en la diversidad de especies fúngicas. Los estudios a largo plazo (LTS, por sus siglas en inglés), es decir, muestreos repetidos en una misma región durante períodos prolongados, son fundamentales para captar de manera completa la diversidad de especies en una zona. Sin embargo, los LTS de hongos en regiones tropicales son prácticamente inexistentes. En este artículo, analizamos las contribuciones de los LTS de hongos en zonas tropicales en relación con la diversidad alfa, la diversidad ecológica y funcional, la biogeografía, la prueba de hipótesis y la conservación, destacando un estudio LTS en curso en las montañas Pakaraima de Guyana. Mostramos cómo estos estudios enriquecen nuestra comprensión de los hongos. Además, demostramos que los repositorios públicos de datos como NCBI, UICN e iNaturalist contienen menos información sobre los hongos tropicales en comparación con los de regiones no tropicales, y que estas discrepancias son más marcadas en los hongos que en las plantas y los animales.

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Agriculture University of Guyana Turkeyen Campus Greater Georgetown Guyana

Department of Biology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47901 USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala Biocenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47901 USA

Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Maryland College Park 20742 MD USA

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

New York State Museum Albany NY 12230 USA

Pacific Biosciences Research Center University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA

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