Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services. However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms.

Altai State University Barnaul Russia

Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California USA

BioMicro Escuela de Microbiología Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellin Antioquia Colombia

Center for Macroecology Evolution and Climate University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Center For Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China

Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang University Chiang Rai Thailand

Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Hasselt Belgium

Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático Universidad SantoTomás Santiago Chile

Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología UR Universidad del Rosario Bogotá Colombia

Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering Qujing Normal University Qujing China

College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

CSIRO Land and Water Wembley Western Australia Australia

Departamento de Ecología Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio 'Ramón Margalef' Universidad de Alicante Alicante Spain

Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil

Department Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Department of Agricultural Food and Forest Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy

Department of Arctic and Marine Biology The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Botswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana

Department of Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University Arcata California USA

Department of Biology College of Science United Arab Emirates University Abu Dhabi UAE

Department of Biology Philipps University Marburg Germany

Department of Biology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA

Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy

Department of Biomedicine Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences Jakarta Indonesia

Department of Botany Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya Pondicherry University Port Blair India

Department of Crop Science University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon

Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecology and Plant Geography Moscow Lomonosov State University Moscow Russia

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Environment Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Department of Environmental and Forest Biology State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA

Department of Environmental Science Saint Mary's University Halifax Canada

Department of Food Science and Technology University of Burundi Bujumbura Burundi

Department of Genetics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa

Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance School of Biology 5 N Karazin Kharkiv National University Kharkiv Ukraine

Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK

Department of Plant Biology University of Ilorin Ilorin Nigeria

Department of Plant Sciences Quaid i Azam University Islamabad Pakistan

Department of Silviculture and Ecology Institute of Forestry of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Girionys Lithuania

ELKH EKKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group Eszterházy Károly Catholic University Eger Hungary

Environmental Science Center Qatar University Doha Qatar

Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences Agricultural University of Iceland Hvanneyri Iceland

Gothenburg Centre for Sustainable Development Gothenburg Sweden

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg Germany

Institut für Biologie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Institute of Botany University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Forestry and Engineering Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Instituto Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile

Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico

Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Cordoba Argentina

Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla Spain

Latvian State Forest Research Insitute Silava Salaspils Latvia

Mycology and Microbiology Center University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Mycology Working Group Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany

Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark

Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe Bulawayo Zimbabwe

NERC British Antarctic Survey Cambridge UK

Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands

Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

Research Unit Tropical Mycology and Plants Soil Fungi Interactions University of Parakou Parakou Benin

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew UK

School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea

University of Tartu Natural History Museum Tartu Estonia

Utah Valley University Orem Utah USA

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