The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a globally distributed group of soil organisms that play critical roles in ecosystem function. However, the ecological niches of individual AM fungal taxa are poorly understood. We collected > 300 soil samples from natural ecosystems worldwide and modelled the realised niches of AM fungal virtual taxa (VT; approximately species-level phylogroups). We found that environmental and spatial variables jointly explained VT distribution worldwide, with temperature and pH being the most important abiotic drivers, and spatial effects generally occurring at local to regional scales. While dispersal limitation could explain some variation in VT distribution, VT relative abundance was almost exclusively driven by environmental variables. Several environmental and spatial effects on VT distribution and relative abundance were correlated with phylogeny, indicating that closely related VT exhibit similar niche optima and widths. Major clades within the Glomeraceae exhibited distinct niche optima, Acaulosporaceae generally had niche optima in low pH and low temperature conditions, and Gigasporaceae generally had niche optima in high precipitation conditions. Identification of the realised niche space occupied by individual and phylogenetic groups of soil microbial taxa provides a basis for building detailed hypotheses about how soil communities respond to gradients and manipulation in ecosystems worldwide.

Botanical Garden Institute FEB RAS Vladivostok 690024 Russia

Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science Beni Suef University Bani Suwayf 62511 Egypt

Center of Studies and Research on Pharmacopoeia and Traditional African Medicine University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic

Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 51006 Estonia

Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 51006 Estonia

CIRAD UPR Forêts et Sociétés Yamoussoukro Côte d'Ivoire

Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro São Paulo 13506 900 Brazil

Departamento de Biología Agrícola Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Córdoba X5804BYA Argentina

Département de Recherche en Sciences de l'Environnement Université de Djibouti Private bag 1904 Djibouti Djibouti

Department of Agricultural Food and Forest Sciences University of Palermo Palermo 90128 Italy

Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen 6525AJ the Netherlands

Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Botswana International University of Science and Technology Private bag 16 Palapye Botswana

Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada

Department of Biology and CESAM University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810 193 Portugal

Department of Biology Nakhon Phanom University Nakhon Phanom 48000 Thailand

Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 4544 USA

Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Department of Botany University of Tartu Tartu 51005 Estonia

Department of Ecology and Plant Geography Faculty of Biology Moscow Lomonsov State University Moscow 119991 Russia

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 756 51 Sweden

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague 12843 Czechia

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa

Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA

Department of Natural Resource Sciences Thompson Rivers University Kamloops BC V2C 0C8 Canada

Department of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism University of Namibia Private bag 1096 Katima Mulilo Namibia

Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens F 80037 France

Environmental Science Centre Qatar University Doha 2713 Qatar

Forêts et Sociétés Université de Montpellier CIRAD Montpellier 34000 France

Iluka Chair in Vegetation Science and Biogeography Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Perth WA 6150 Australia

Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny INP HB Yamoussoukro Côte d'Ivoire

Institute of Biological Problems of the Cryolithozone Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yakutsk 677000 Russia

Institute of Biological Problems of the North Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Magadan 685000 Russia

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu 51005 Estonia

Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Science Prague 14220 Czechia

Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern 3013 Switzerland

Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi Leticia Amazonas 910001 Colombia

Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CONICET Córdoba X5000HUA Argentina

Natural History Museum University of Tartu Tartu 51014 Estonia

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK

School of Science College of Science and Technology University of Rwanda Kigali 3900 Rwanda

Zoology Department College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

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