In the rice agroecosystems of Southeast Asia, rice root knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) significantly impairs yield, representing a major species within the 'graminis-group' known for its morphological similarities with other root knot nematodes (RKNs). This study delves into the variations in reproductive potential, morphology, morphometrics, and genetic diversity among thirty RKN populations in rice across three distinct agroecological zones in Jharkhand, India. Despite notable differences in reproductive potential among the populations, morphological and morphometric correlations to reproductive potential were inconclusive. However, male and juvenile morphometrics were crucial for identifying intraspecific variability. Genetic analysis utilizing five molecular markers (ITS, 18 S rRNA, D2-D3 of 28 S, COX-I, and COX-II) affirmed the populations as M. graminicola, with ITS marker revealing significant intraspecific variability. Phylogenetic analysis underscored the close relationship between M. oryzae and M. graminicola, distinct from other mitotic RKN species. Low genetic distance and nucleotide diversity, coupled with high haplotype diversity, negative Tajima's D, and Fu's Fs of haplotype network analysis, suggested that all M. graminicola populations are expanding. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive management strategies against M. graminicola, providing valuable insights for growers, extension officials, and plant breeders to develop targeted management approaches and resistance breeding programs.

Department of Botany Victoria Institution 78 B A P C Road Kolkata West Bengal 700009 India

Department of Genetics University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal 700019 India

Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Division of Nematology Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 110012 India

Division of Plant Biology Bose Institute Centenary Campus Kolkata West Bengal 700054 India

EVA 4 0 Unit Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czechia

Indian Statistical Institute Giridih Jharkhand 815301 India

School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Edinburg TX USA

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Hodda, M. Phylum Nematoda: A classification, catalogue and index of valid genera, with a census of valid species. PubMed DOI

Archidona-Yuste, A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Castillo, P. & Palomares-Rius, J. E. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparative morphology reveals the diversity and distribution of needle nematodes of the genus DOI

Hunt, D. J. & Handoo, Z. A. J. R. Taxonomy Identification

Janssen, T., Karssen, G., Verhaeven, M., Coyne, D. & Bert, W. Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes ( PubMed DOI PMC

Perfus-Barbeoch, L. et al. Elucidating the molecular bases of epigenetic inheritance in non-model invertebrates: the case of the root-knot nematode PubMed DOI PMC

Sasser, J. A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society.

Prot, J. C. Effects of economic and policy changes on status of nematode rice pests in Vietnam and the Philippines.

Kyndt, T., Fernandez, D. & Gheysen, G. Plant-parasitic nematode infections in rice: molecular and cellular insights. PubMed DOI

Kumar, V., Khan, M. R. & Walia, R. Crop loss estimations due to plant-parasitic nematodes in major crops in India. DOI

Negretti, R. R. et al. Characterization of a DOI

Rusinque, L., Maleita, C., Abrantes, I., Palomares-Rius, J. E. & Inácio, M. L. PubMed DOI PMC

Pokharel, R. et al. Variability and the recognition of two races in DOI

Salalia, R., Walia, R., Somvanshi, V. S., Kumar, P. & Anil, K. Morphological, Morphometric, and molecular characterization of intraspecific variations within Indian populations of PubMed DOI PMC

Pokharel, R. R., Abawi, G. S., Zhang, N., Duxbury, J. M. & Smart, C. D. Characterization of isolates of PubMed PMC

Bellafiore, S. et al. Intraspecific variability of the facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode ( PubMed DOI

Fanelli, E. et al. Detection and molecular characterization of the rice root-knot nematode DOI

Gontcharov, A. A., Marin, B. & Melkonian, M. J. M. Are combined analyses better than single gene phylogenies? A case study using SSU rDNA and rbc L sequence comparisons in the Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta). PubMed DOI

Mondal, S. et al. Unveiling the drivers of nematode community structure and function across rice agroecosystems. DOI

Mantelin, S., Bellafiore, S. & Kyndt, T. PubMed DOI PMC

Nguyen, H. T. et al. Identification and characterization of a virulent population of DOI

Cabasan, M. T. N., Kumar, A., Bellafiore, S. & De Waele, D. Reproductive, pathogenic and genotypic characterisation of five DOI

Win, P. P. et al. Host status of rotation crops in Asian rice-based cropping systems to the rice root-knot nematode DOI

Soares, M. R., Carneiro, R. M. & Dias-Arieira, C. R. Response of different crops and weeds to three biotypes of DOI

Castagnone-Sereno, P., Bongiovanni, M. & Dalmasso, A. Reproduction of virulent isolates of PubMed PMC

Castagnone-Sereno, P. Genetic variability of nematodes: a threat to the durability of plant resistance genes? DOI

Pandit, B. T., Mondal, P., Mondal, S. & Khan, M. R. Morphology and morphometric variations in Indian populations of DOI

Soares, M. R. et al. Integrative taxonomy of DOI

Bernard, E. & Eisenback, J. D. PubMed PMC

Eisenback, J. D. et al. PubMed DOI PMC

Leite, R. R. et al. Integrative taxonomy of Meloidogye Ottersoni (Thorne, 1969) Franklin, 1971 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) parasitizing flooded rice in Brazil.

Karssen, G. The plant parasitic nematode genus

Besnard, G. et al. On the close relatedness of two rice-parasitic root-knot nematode species and the recent expansion of PubMed DOI PMC

Liu, M. Y. et al. PubMed DOI

Tajima, F. Statistical analysis of DNA polymorphism. PubMed DOI

Pafčo, B. et al. Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species. PubMed DOI PMC

George, C., Kohler, J. & Rillig, M. C. Biochars reduce infection rates of the root-lesion nematode DOI

Sun, Y. et al. Elevated CO2 influences nematode-induced defense responses of tomato genotypes differing in the JA pathway. PubMed DOI PMC

Jepson, S. B.

Siddiqi, M. R.

Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A. & Vining, G. G.

Carta, L. & Li, S. PCR amplification of a long rDNA segment with one primer pair in agriculturally important nematodes. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen, J. et al. First report of DOI

Vrain, T., Wakarchuk, D., Levesque, A. & Hamilton, R. Intraspecific rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in the

Xie, J. et al. First report of root-knot nematode, DOI

Tian Zl, Maria, M., Barsalote, E. M., Castillo, P. & Zheng, J. Morphological and molecular characterization of the rice root-knot nematode, DOI

Htay, C. et al. The development and molecular characterization of a rapid detection method for rice root-knot nematode ( DOI

Edgar, R. C. MUSCLE: A multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. PubMed DOI PMC

Okonechnikov, K., Golosova, O., Fursov, M. & Team, U. Unipro UGENE: A unified bioinformatics toolkit. PubMed DOI

Darriba, D. et al. ModelTest-NG: a new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. PubMed DOI PMC

Stamatakis, A. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. PubMed DOI PMC

Librado, P. & Rozas, J. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. PubMed DOI

Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P. & Röhl, A. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. PubMed DOI

Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. DOI