Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) in liquids has gained widespread applications in producing nanomaterials of different classes of solids. While the technical processes in different cases of ablation, fragmentation or colloidal fusion may look macroscopically different in each application, the underlying fundamental mechanisms are always the same cascade of laser interaction with matter, non-thermal or thermal energy deposition, phase transitions, and the subsequent structure formation processes. Disentangling these mechanisms represents a veritable challenge, as ultrafast and structurally sensitive experimental methods are required. This review presents a discussion of how state-of-the-art experimental protocols using ultrafast lasers and sensitive structural probes, such as electrons or X-rays are able to address this challenge. In particular, it is possible to investigate LSPC on single objects using single probe pulses and avoid accumulation effects in a heterogeneous sample. The presented results capture structure formation with femtosecond and atomic scale resolution. Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC.

Department of Physics POSTECH Pohang 37673 Korea

Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Postfach 3640 D 76021 Karlsruhe Germany

Laser Center Hochschule Munich Munich University of Applied Sciences Lothstr 34 80335 Munich Germany

New Technologies Research Center University of West Bohemia Plzen CZ 30100 Czech Republic

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park 94025 CA USA

Technical Chemistry 1 and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen University of Duisburg Essen 45141 Essen Germany

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