Contamination of food with heavy metals is an important factor leading to serious health concerns. Rapid identification of these heavy metals is of utmost priority. There are several methods to identify traces of heavy metals in food. Conventional methods for the detection of heavy metal residues have their limitations in terms of cost, analysis time, and complexity. In the last decade, voltammetric analysis has emerged as the most prominent electrochemical determination method for heavy metals. Voltammetry is a reliable, cost-effective, and rapid determination method. This review provides a detailed primer on recent advances in the development and application of graphene-based electrochemical sensors for heavy metal monitoring over the last decade. We critically examine aspects of graphene modification (fabrication process, stability, cost, reproducibility) and analytical properties (sensitivity, selectivity, rapid detection, lower detection, and matrix effects) of these sensors. Furthermore, to our knowledge, meta-analyses were performed for the first time for all investigated parameters, categorized based on graphene materials and heavy metal types. We also examined the pass-fail criteria according to the WHO drinking water guidelines. In addition, the effects of heavy metal toxicity on human health and the environment are discussed. Finally, the contribution of heavy metal contamination to the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stated by the United Nations in 2015 is discussed in detail. The results confirm the significant impact of heavy metal contamination across twelve SDGs. This review critically examines the existing knowledge in this field and highlights significant research gaps and future opportunities. It is intended as a resource for researchers working on graphene-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals in food safety, with the ultimate goal of improving consumer health protection.

Chemical Engineering Division School of Earth Sciences and Engineering National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 30 Lenin Avenue 634050 Tomsk Russia

Department of Chemistry Coastal Environmental Studies Research Centre Egra Sarada Shashi Bhusan College Vidyasagar University Egra 721429 West Bengal India

National Research Tomsk State University 36 Lenin Avenue 634045 Tomsk Russia

Parasitology Laboratory Department of Zoology Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Vivekananda Street Cooch Behar 736101 West Bengal India

UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 2030 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic

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