Retinal degeneration poses a growing global health challenge with limited effective treatments. Current options, such as intravitreal injections of therapeutic drugs, are severely constrained by the vitreous humor barrier, a dense, gel-like matrix that limits drug diffusion to the retina. Micro/nanorobots with active propulsion have emerged as promising platforms for targeted drug delivery to overcome biological barriers. Here, we report the design of chemotactic nanorobots that can actively overcome the vitreous humor to target the retina. Single-atom engineering is utilized to construct ultrasmall nanorobots that catalytically convert endogenous glucose into mechanical propulsion, enabling active navigation through the vitreous barrier toward retinal tissues. Both ex vivo tissue and in vivo mouse models confirm the nanorobots' ability to overcome vitreous viscosity and target retinal cells due to their ultrasmall sizes (less than 10 nm) and active motion. In a mouse model of induced retinal degeneration, these nanorobots exert potent dual antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, markedly delaying disease progression. Mechanistic studies at the gene expression level further elucidated the molecular basis of these therapeutic effects. These promising findings highlight the potential of single-atom engineered chemotactic nanorobots as effective nanomedicine, paving the way for their application as active drug delivery platforms in noninvasive treatment of ocular diseases.

Advanced Nanorobots and Multiscale Robotics Laboratory Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 70800 Ostrava Czech Republic

Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University 50 Yonsei ro Seodaemun gu Seoul 03722 Korea

Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University No 91 Hsueh Shih Road Taichung 40402 Taiwan

Department of Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Science Charles University Albertov 2038 12800 Prague Czech Republic

Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Wong W. L., Su X., Li X., Cheung C. M. G., Klein R., Cheng C.-Y., Wong T. Y.. Global Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Disease Burden Projection for 2020 and 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(2):e106. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1. PubMed DOI

Buonfiglio F., Korb C. A., Stoffelns B., Pfeiffer N., Gericke A.. Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Redox Signaling, and the Complement System. Aging Dis. 2024;16(3):1535–1575. doi: 10.14336/AD.2024.0124. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu H., Chen M.. Immune Response in Retinal Degenerative Diseases – Time to Rethink? Progress in Neurobiology. 2022;219:102350. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102350. PubMed DOI

Fang L., Liu J., Liu Z., Zhou H.. Immune Modulating Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):496. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01658-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Langmann T.. Microglia Activation in Retinal Degeneration. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2007;81(6):1345–1351. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0207114. PubMed DOI

Oral C. M., Pumera M.. In Vivo Applications of Micro/Nanorobots. Nanoscale. 2023;15(19):8491–8507. doi: 10.1039/D3NR00502J. PubMed DOI

Schamel D., Mark A. G., Gibbs J. G., Miksch C., Morozov K. I., Leshansky A. M., Fischer P.. Nanopropellers and Their Actuation in Complex Viscoelastic Media. ACS Nano. 2014;8(9):8794–8801. doi: 10.1021/nn502360t. PubMed DOI

Wu Z., Troll J., Jeong H.-H., Wei Q., Stang M., Ziemssen F., Wang Z., Dong M., Schnichels S., Qiu T.. et al. A Swarm of Slippery Micropropellers Penetrates the Vitreous Body of the Eye. Sci. Adv. 2018;4(11):eaat4388. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4388. PubMed DOI PMC

Sridhar V., Podjaski F., Alapan Y., Kröger J., Grunenberg L., Kishore V., Lotsch B. V., Sitti M.. Light-Driven Carbon Nitride Microswimmers with Propulsion in Biological and Ionic Media and Responsive on-Demand Drug Delivery. Sci. Robot. 2022;7(62):eabm1421. doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm1421. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen B., Ding M. M., Tan H. X., Wang S. H., Liu L., Wang F., Tian H., Gao J. B., Ye Y. C., Fu D. M.. et al. Visible-Light-Driven TiO2@N-Au Nanorobot Penetrating the Vitreous. Applied Materials Today. 2022;27:101455. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101455. DOI

Noh S., Hong H. K., Kim D. G., Jeong H., Lim S. J., Kim J.-Y., Woo S. J., Choi H.. Magnetically Controlled Intraocular Delivery of Dexamethasone Using Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles. ACS Omega. 2024;9(26):27888–27897. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07033. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang S., Chen X., Liu Y., Jiang Y., Li J., Ren L., Wang J., Wang Z., Li Y., Wu H.. et al. Hybrid Biomembrane-Functionalized Nanorobots Penetrate the Vitreous Body of the Eye for the Treatment of Retinal Vein Occlusion. ACS Nano. 2025;19(8):7728–7741. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c12327. PubMed DOI

Joseph A., Contini C., Cecchin D., Nyberg S., Ruiz-Perez L., Gaitzsch J., Fullstone G., Tian X., Azizi J., Preston J.. et al. Chemotactic Synthetic Vesicles: Design and Applications in Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing. Sci. Adv. 2017;3(8):e1700362. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700362. PubMed DOI PMC

Simó C., Serra-Casablancas M., Hortelao A. C., Di Carlo V., Guallar-Garrido S., Plaza-García S., Rabanal R. M., Ramos-Cabrer P., Yagüe B., Aguado L.. et al. Urease-Powered Nanobots for Radionuclide Bladder Cancer Therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2024;19(4):554–564. doi: 10.1038/s41565-023-01577-y. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Q., Dong R., Wang C., Xu S., Chen D., Liang Y., Ren B., Gao W., Cai Y.. Glucose-Fueled Micromotors with Highly Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Propulsion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019;11(6):6201–6207. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b17563. PubMed DOI

Kwon T., Kumari N., Kumar A., Lim J., Son C. Y., Lee I. S.. Au/Pt-Egg-in-Nest Nanomotor for Glucose-Powered Catalytic Motion and Enhanced Molecular Transport to Living Cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021;60(32):17579–17586. doi: 10.1002/anie.202103827. PubMed DOI

Badia A., Duarri A., Salas A., Rosell J., Ramis J., Gusta M. F., Casals E., Zapata M. A., Puntes V., García-Arumí J.. Repeated Topical Administration of 3 Nm Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Reverts Disease Atrophic Phenotype and Arrests Neovascular Degeneration in Amd Mouse Models. ACS Nano. 2023;17(2):910–926. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05447. PubMed DOI

Cui W., Wang Y., Luo C., Xu J., Wang K., Han H., Yao K.. Nanoceria for Ocular Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Materials Today Nano. 2022;18:100218. doi: 10.1016/j.mtnano.2022.100218. DOI

Ju X., Javorková E., Michalička J., Pumera M.. Single-Atom Colloidal Nanorobotics Enhanced Stem Cell Therapy for Corneal Injury Repair. ACS Nano. 2025;19(20):19095–19115. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c18874. PubMed DOI PMC

Ariga K., Li J., Fei J., Ji Q., Hill J. P.. Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functional Materials from Atomic-/Molecular-Level Manipulation to Macroscopic Action. Adv. Mater. 2016;28(6):1251–1286. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502545. PubMed DOI

Jancik-Prochazkova A., Nakao R., Yamaguchi Y., Kudo A., Ariga K.. Motion-Controlled Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Using Microrobots Designed with a Single Atomic-Level Precision. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025;147(25):22003–22014. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c05661. PubMed DOI PMC

Truttmann V., Drexler H., Stöger-Pollach M., Kawawaki T., Negishi Y., Barrabés N., Rupprechter G.. CeO2 Supported Gold Nanocluster Catalysts for Co Oxidation: Surface Evolution Influenced by the Ligand Shell. ChemCatChem. 2022;14(14):e202200322. doi: 10.1002/cctc.202200322. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang J., Li Z., Zheng K., Li G.. Synthesis and Characterization of Size-Controlled Atomically Precise Gold Clusters. Phys. Sci. Rev. 2018;3(10):20170083. doi: 10.1515/psr-2017-0083. DOI

McKenzie L. C., Zaikova T. O., Hutchison J. E.. Structurally Similar Triphenylphosphine-Stabilized Undecagolds, Au11­(Pph3)­7cl3 and [Au11­(Pph3)­8cl2]­Cl, Exhibit Distinct Ligand Exchange Pathways with Glutathione. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014;136(38):13426–13435. doi: 10.1021/ja5075689. PubMed DOI PMC

Bartlett P. A., Bauer B., Singer S. J.. Synthesis of Water-Soluble Undecagold Cluster Compounds of Potential Importance in Electron Microscopic and Other Studies of Biological Systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978;100(16):5085–5089. doi: 10.1021/ja00484a029. DOI

Ju X., Fučíková A., Šmíd B., Nováková J., Matolínová I., Matolín V., Janata M., Bělinová T., Hubálek Kalbáčová M.. Colloidal Stability and Catalytic Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Cell Culture Media. RSC Adv. 2020;10(65):39373–39384. doi: 10.1039/D0RA08063B. PubMed DOI PMC

Ju X., Kalbacova M. H., Smid B., Johanek V., Janata M., Dinhova T. N., Belinova T., Mazur M., Vorokhta M., Strnad L.. Poly­(Acrylic Acid)-Mediated Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles with Variable Oxidation States and Their Effect on Regulating the Intracellular Ros Level. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2021;9(40):8530–8530. doi: 10.1039/D1TB90156G. PubMed DOI

Zielonka J., Joseph J., Sikora A., Hardy M., Ouari O., Vasquez-Vivar J., Cheng G., Lopez M., Kalyanaraman B.. Mitochondria-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Based Compounds: Syntheses, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Chem. Rev. 2017;117(15):10043–10120. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00042. PubMed DOI PMC

Peters S., Peredkov S., Neeb M., Eberhardt W., Al-Hada M.. Size-Dependent Xps Spectra of Small Supported Au-Clusters. Surf. Sci. 2013;608:129–134. doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2012.09.024. PubMed DOI

Luo Z., Zhao G., Pan H., Sun W.. Strong Metal-Support Interaction in Heterogeneous Catalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022;12(37):2201395. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202201395. DOI

Lykhach Y., Kozlov S. M., Skála T., Tovt A., Stetsovych V., Tsud N., Dvorák F., Johánek V., Neitzel A., Myslivecek J.. et al. Counting Electrons on Supported Nanoparticles. Nat. Mater. 2016;15(3):284–288. doi: 10.1038/nmat4500. PubMed DOI

Comotti M., Della Pina C., Matarrese R., Rossi M.. The Catalytic Activity of “Naked” Gold Particles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004;43(43):5812–5815. doi: 10.1002/anie.200460446. PubMed DOI

Chen J., Ma Q., Li M., Chao D., Huang L., Wu W., Fang Y., Dong S.. Glucose-Oxidase Like Catalytic Mechanism of Noble Metal Nanozymes. Nat. Commun. 2021;12(1):3375. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23737-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Finocchiaro G., Ju X., Mezghrani B., Berret J.-F.. Cerium Oxide Catalyzed Disproportionation of Hydrogen Peroxide: A Closer Look at the Reaction Intermediate. Chem. – Eur. J. 2023;30(14):e202304012. doi: 10.1002/chem.202304012. PubMed DOI

Yuan H., Liu X., Wang L., Ma X.. Fundamentals and Applications of Enzyme Powered Micro/Nano-Motors. Bioactive Materials. 2021;6(6):1727–1749. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.022. PubMed DOI PMC

Ma X., Jannasch A., Albrecht U.-R., Hahn K., Miguel-López A., Schäffer E., Sánchez S.. Enzyme-Powered Hollow Mesoporous Janus Nanomotors. Nano Lett. 2015;15(10):7043–7050. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03100. PubMed DOI

Schattling P. S., Ramos-Docampo M. A., Salgueirino V., Stadler B.. Double-Fueled Janus Swimmers with Magnetotactic Behavior. ACS Nano. 2017;11(4):3973–3983. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00441. PubMed DOI

Arqué X., Romero-Rivera A., Feixas F., Patiño T., Osuna S., Sánchez S.. Intrinsic Enzymatic Properties Modulate the Self-Propulsion of Micromotors. Nat. Commun. 2019;10(1):2826. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10726-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Zheng J., Wang W., Gao X., Zhao S., Chen W., Li J., Liu Y.-N.. Cascade Catalytically Released Nitric Oxide-Driven Nanomotor with Enhanced Penetration for Antibiofilm. Small. 2022;18(52):2205252. doi: 10.1002/smll.202205252. PubMed DOI

Popescu M. N., Uspal W. E., Bechinger C., Fischer P.. Chemotaxis of Active Janus Nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2018;18(9):5345–5349. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02572. PubMed DOI

Moran J. L., Wheat P. M., Marine N. A., Posner J. D.. Chemokinesis-Driven Accumulation of Active Colloids in Low-Mobility Regions of Fuel Gradients. Sci. Rep. 2021;11(1):4785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83963-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Moran J. L., Posner J. D.. Phoretic Self-Propulsion. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2017;49(1):511–540. doi: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-122414-034456. DOI

Sapre A., Bhattacharyya R., Sen A.. A Cautionary Perspective on Hydrogel-Induced Concentration Gradient Generation for Studying Chemotaxis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024;16(30):40131–40138. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c04930. PubMed DOI

Baraban L., Harazim S. M., Sanchez S., Schmidt O. G.. Chemotactic Behavior of Catalytic Motors in Microfluidic Channels. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013;52(21):5552–5556. doi: 10.1002/anie.201301460. PubMed DOI PMC

Sengupta S., Dey K. K., Muddana H. S., Tabouillot T., Ibele M. E., Butler P. J., Sen A.. Enzyme Molecules as Nanomotors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013;135(4):1406–1414. doi: 10.1021/ja3091615. PubMed DOI

Somasundar A., Ghosh S., Mohajerani F., Massenburg L. N., Yang T. L., Cremer P. S., Velegol D., Sen A.. Positive and Negative Chemotaxis of Enzyme-Coated Liposome Motors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019;14(12):1129–1134. doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0578-8. PubMed DOI

Archer R. J., Ebbens S. J.. Symmetrical Catalytic Colloids Display Janus-Like Active Brownian Particle Motion. Adv. Sci. 2023;10(33):2303154. doi: 10.1002/advs.202303154. PubMed DOI PMC

Ju X., Pumera M.. Single Atom Engineering for Nanorobotics. ACS Nano. 2024;18(31):19907–19911. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06880. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen S., Wang J., Cao S., Al-Hilfi S. H., Yang J., Shao J., van Hest J. C. M., Bonn M., Müllen K., Zhou Y.. Nanomotors Driven by Single-Atom Catalysts. Cell Reports Physical Science. 2024;5(4):101898. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101898. DOI

Jancik-Prochazkova A., Kmentova H., Ju X., Kment S., Zboril R., Pumera M.. Precision Engineering of Nanorobots: Toward Single Atom Decoration and Defect Control for Enhanced Microplastic Capture. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024;34(38):2402567. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202402567. DOI

Xu Q., Boylan N. J., Suk J. S., Wang Y.-Y., Nance E. A., Yang J.-C., McDonnell P. J., Cone R. A., Duh E. J., Hanes J.. Nanoparticle Diffusion in, and Microrheology of, the Bovine Vitreous Ex Vivo. J. Controlled Release. 2013;167(1):76–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.018. PubMed DOI PMC

Daae L. N. W., Teige B., Svaar H.. Determination of Glucose in Human Vitreous Humor. Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin. 1978;80(4):287–291. doi: 10.1007/BF02092325. PubMed DOI

Kokavec J., Min S. H., Tan M. H., Gilhotra J. S., Newland H. S., Durkin S. R., Grigg J., Casson R. J.. Biochemical Analysis of the Living Human Vitreous. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2016;44(7):597–609. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12732. PubMed DOI

Wang K., Sun X. H., Zhang Y., Zhang T., Zheng Y., Wei Y. C., Zhao P., Chen D. Y., Wu H. A., Wang W. H.. et al. Characterization of Cytoplasmic Viscosity of Hundreds of Single Tumour Cells Based on Micropipette Aspiration. Royal Society Open Science. 2019;6(3):181707. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181707. PubMed DOI PMC

Silva A. F., Alves M. A., Oliveira M. S. N.. Rheological Behaviour of Vitreous Humour. Rheol. Acta. 2017;56(4):377–386. doi: 10.1007/s00397-017-0997-0. DOI

Tram N. K., Swindle-Reilly K. E.. Rheological Properties and Age-Related Changes of the Human Vitreous Humor. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2018;6:199. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00199. PubMed DOI PMC

Fam H., Kontopoulou M., Bryant J. T.. Effect of Concentration and Molecular Weight on the Rheology of Hyaluronic Acid/Bovine Calf Serum Solutions. Biorheology. 2009;46:31–43. doi: 10.3233/BIR-2009-0521. PubMed DOI

Käsdorf B. T., Arends F., Lieleg O.. Diffusion Regulation in the Vitreous Humor. Biophys. J. 2015;109(10):2171–2181. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Koo H., Moon H., Han H., Na J. H., Huh M. S., Park J. H., Woo S. J., Park K. H., Kwon I. C., Kim K.. et al. The Movement of Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles in the Vitreous and Retina after Intravitreal Injection. Biomaterials. 2012;33(12):3485–3493. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.030. PubMed DOI

Le Goff M. M., Bishop P. N.. Adult Vitreous Structure and Postnatal Changes. Eye. 2008;22(10):1214–1222. doi: 10.1038/eye.2008.21. PubMed DOI

Singh S., Kumar A., Karakoti A., Seal S., Self W. T.. Unveiling the Mechanism of Uptake and Sub-Cellular Distribution of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles. Molecular BioSystems. 2010;6(10):1813–1820. doi: 10.1039/c0mb00014k. PubMed DOI PMC

Asati A., Santra S., Kaittanis C., Perez J. M.. Surface-Charge-Dependent Cell Localization and Cytotoxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2010;4(9):5321–5331. doi: 10.1021/nn100816s. PubMed DOI PMC

Péclet C., Picotte P., Jobin F.. The Use of Vitreous Humor Levels of Glucose, Lactic Acid and Blood Levels of Acetone to Establish Antemortem Hyperglycemia in Diabetics. Forensic Science International. 1994;65(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(94)90293-3. PubMed DOI

Mishra D., Gade S., Glover K., Sheshala R., Singh T. R. R.. Vitreous Humor: Composition, Characteristics and Implication on Intravitreal Drug Delivery. Current Eye Research. 2023;48(2):208–218. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2119254. PubMed DOI

Subirada P. V., Paz M. C., Ridano M. E., Lorenc V. E., Vaglienti M. V., Barcelona P. F., Luna J. D., Sánchez M. C.. A Journey into the Retina: Müller Glia Commanding Survival and Death. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;47(12):1429–1443. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13965. PubMed DOI

Chowers G., Cohen M., Marks-Ohana D., Stika S., Eijzenberg A., Banin E., Obolensky A.. Course of Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Degeneration in Albino and Pigmented Mice. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2017;58(4):2239–2249. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-21255. PubMed DOI

Moriguchi M., Nakamura S., Inoue Y., Nishinaka A., Nakamura M., Shimazawa M., Hara H.. Irreversible Photoreceptors and Rpe Cells Damage by Intravenous Sodium Iodate in Mice Is Related to Macrophage Accumulation. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2018;59(8):3476–3487. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-23532. PubMed DOI

Balmer J., Zulliger R., Roberti S., Enzmann V.. Retinal Cell Death Caused by Sodium Iodate Involves Multiple Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Cell-Death Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16(7):15086–15103. doi: 10.3390/ijms160715086. PubMed DOI PMC

Palacka K., Hermankova B., Javorkova E., Zajicova A., Holan V.. Impaired Immunomodulatory Properties of the Retina from the Inflammatory Environment of the Damaged Eye. Inflammation. 2023;46(6):2320–2331. doi: 10.1007/s10753-023-01880-9. PubMed DOI

Viegas F. O., Neuhauss S. C. F.. A Metabolic Landscape for Maintaining Retina Integrity and Function. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2021;14:656000. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.656000. PubMed DOI PMC

Ju X., Chen C., Oral C. M., Sevim S., Golestanian R., Sun M., Bouzari N., Lin X., Urso M., Nam J. S.. et al. Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots. ACS Nano. 2025;19(27):24174–24334. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5c03911. PubMed DOI PMC

Epple M., Rotello V. M., Dawson K.. The Why and How of Ultrasmall Nanoparticles. Acc. Chem. Res. 2023;56(23):3369–3378. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00459. PubMed DOI PMC

Lang N. J., Liu B., Liu J.. Characterization of Glucose Oxidation by Gold Nanoparticles Using Nanoceria. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;428:78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.025. PubMed DOI

Schindelin J., Arganda-Carreras I., Frise E., Kaynig V., Longair M., Pietzsch T., Preibisch S., Rueden C., Saalfeld S., Schmid B.. et al. Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis. Nat. Methods. 2012;9(7):676–682. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2019. PubMed DOI PMC

Dougherty, R. Extensions of Damas and Benefits and Limitations of Deconvolution in Beamforming. In 11th Aiaa/Ceas Aeroacoustics Conference, Monterey, California, May 23-25, 2005.