Biochar (BC) is widely used to immobilize metal(loid)s but its efficiency is not ubiquitous and can be improved via various surface modifications, such as impregnating amorphous Mn oxides (called AMOchars), which showed benefits for metal(loid) immobilization, but also induced considerable Mn leaching. To reduce those drawbacks, we tested two AMOchars, synthesized using molasses (BCM) or sucrose (BCS) as reducing agents, to evaluate the effectiveness of Mn oxide fixation on biochar to reduce metal(loid) transfer to plants and select the most appropriate reducing agent. Soil solution monitoring showed that all materials increased pH and immobilized Cd, Pb, and Zn. The AMOchars further improved Cd and Zn immobilization efficiency while releasing dissolved organic carbon, As, Cu, and Mn. In plants, metal(loid) shoot transfer was reduced by BC (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn) and BCS (Cd, Pb, and As). To conclude, we demonstrated the effectiveness of Mn oxide fixation on biochar using sucrose to improve phytostabilization. Sucrose as a reducing agent led to a more stable (less organic carbon leaching) material and thus less toxic to the plant. We believe that our study will help raise up the knowledge on biochar modification and make aided phytostabilization process more practiced on the field.

Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Biosciences and Territory University of Molise Pesche IS Italy

Department of Environmental Geosciences Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic

Université Marie et Louis Pasteur CNRS Chrono Environnement 25200 Montbéliard France

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