As a result of the findings of scientists working on the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids in the plant and animal kingdoms over the past five decades, it has become apparent that those compounds that naturally occur in animals can also be found as natural constituents of plants and vice versa, i.e., they have essentially the same fate in the majority of living organisms. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of animal steroid hormones in the plant kingdom, particularly focusing on progesterone, testosterone, androstadienedione (boldione), androstenedione, and estrogens.
- MeSH
- androstadieny metabolismus MeSH
- androstendion biosyntéza MeSH
- biosyntetické dráhy MeSH
- estrogeny biosyntéza MeSH
- fytosteroly metabolismus MeSH
- progesteron biosyntéza MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- steroidy biosyntéza MeSH
- testosteron biosyntéza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The present review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds. Cellular organisms use chemical signals for intercellular communication to coordinate their growth, development, and responses to environmental cues. The skeletons of majority of plant signaling molecules, mediators of plant intercellular 'broadcasting', are built from C5 units of isoprene and therefore belong to a huge and diverse group of natural substances called isoprenoids (terpenoids). They fill many important roles in nature. This review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of a group of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds.
- MeSH
- brassinosteroidy biosyntéza MeSH
- cytokininy biosyntéza MeSH
- gibereliny biosyntéza MeSH
- kyselina abscisová biosyntéza MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- terpeny metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid plant hormones that participate with other plant hormones in the regulation of numerous developmental processes, including root and shoot growth, vascular differentiation, fertility, and seed germination. A characteristic feature of all plant hormones, including BRs, is that their concentration is extremely low in plant tissues and, therefore, the methods dealing with their determination belong to ultra-trace analysis, for which very sensitive analytical tools are needed. The analysis of natural BRs is essential when their functions and roles in plant growth and development are to be elucidated. Here, we describe a reliable protocol for high-throughput extraction and purification of BRs. The procedure consists of two solid-phase extraction steps and provides selective enrichment and efficient cleanup of these compounds from complex plant extracts. The protocol is designed for sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method for simultaneous detection of 22 naturally occurring BRs, including their biosynthetic precursors and most of their biologically active metabolites, without need for derivatization.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis chemie MeSH
- Brassica napus chemie MeSH
- brassinosteroidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- chromatografie plynová MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The triterpenoid plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) are believed to influence almost every aspect of plant growth and development. We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometry-based method for the simultaneous profiling of twenty-two naturally occurring brassinosteroids including biosynthetic precursors and the majority of biologically active metabolites. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) analysis, the run time was reduced up to three times (to 9 min) in comparison to standard HPLC BRs analyses, the retention time stability was improved to 0.1-0.2 % RSD and the injection accuracy was increased to 1.1-4.9 % RSD. The procedures for extraction and for two-step purification based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) were optimised in combination with subsequent UHPLC analysis coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using Brassica flowers and Arabidopsis plant tissue extracts. In multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the average detection limit for BRs analysed was close to 7 pg, and the linear range covered up to 3 orders of magnitude. The low detection limits for this broad range of BR metabolites enabled as little as 50 mg of plant tissue to be used for quantitative analyses. The results of determinations exploiting internal standards showed that this approach provides a high level of practicality, reproducibility and recovery. The method we have established will enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids and their modes of action in plant growth and development.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis chemie MeSH
- Brassica napus chemie MeSH
- brassinosteroidy analýza MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací metody MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The present review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones. Plant ecdysteroids (phytoecdysteroids) are natural polyhydroxylated compounds that have a four-ringed skeleton, usually composed of either 27 carbon atoms or 28-29 carbon atoms (biosynthetically derived from cholesterol or other plant sterols, respectively). Their physiological roles in plants have not yet been confirmed and their occurrence is not universal. Nevertheless, they are present at high concentrations in various plant species, including commonly consumed vegetables, and have a broad spectrum of pharmacological and medicinal properties in mammals, including hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects, and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, without androgenic side-effects. Furthermore, phytoecdysteroids can enhance stress resistance by promoting vitality and enhancing physical performance; thus, they are considered adaptogens. This review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones.
- MeSH
- ekdysteroidy biosyntéza MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Plant hormones act as chemical messengers in the regulation of myriads of physiological processes that occur in plants. To date, nine groups of plant hormones have been identified and more will probably be discovered. Furthermore, members of each group may participate in the regulation of physiological responses in planta both alone and in concert with members of either the same group or other groups. The ideal way to study biochemical processes involving these signalling molecules is 'hormone profiling', i.e. quantification of not only the hormones themselves, but also their biosynthetic precursors and metabolites in plant tissues. However, this is highly challenging since trace amounts of all of these substances are present in highly complex plant matrices. Here, we review advances, current trends and future perspectives in the analysis of all currently known plant hormones and the associated problems of extracting them from plant tissues and separating them from the numerous potentially interfering compounds.
