The adult human brain represents only 2% of the body's total weight, however it is one of the most metabolically active organs in the mammalian body. Its high metabolic activity necessitates an efficacious waste clearance system. Besides the blood, there are two fluids closely linked to the brain and spinal cord drainage system: interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this review is to summarize the latest research clarifying the channels of metabolite removal by fluids from brain tissue, subarachnoid space (SAS) and brain dura (BD). Special attention is focused on lymphatic vascular structures in the brain dura, their localizations within the meninges, morphological properties and topographic anatomy. The review ends with an account of the consequences of brain lymphatic drainage failure. Knowledge of the physiological state of the clearance system is crucial in order to understand the changes related to impaired brain drainage.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695900.].
- Publikační typ
- tisková chyba MeSH
Preclinical and clinical studies with various stem cells, their secretomes, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) indicate their use as a promising strategy for the treatment of various diseases and tissue defects, including neurodegenerative diseases such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autologous and allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are so far the best candidates for use in regenerative medicine. Here we review the effects of the implantation of MSCs (progenitors of mesodermal origin) in animal models of SCI and ALS and in clinical studies. MSCs possess multilineage differentiation potential and are easily expandable in vitro. These cells, obtained from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, Wharton jelly, or even other tissues, have immunomodulatory and paracrine potential, releasing a number of cytokines and factors which inhibit the proliferation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells and modify dendritic cell activity. They are hypoimmunogenic, migrate toward lesion sites, induce better regeneration, preserve perineuronal nets, and stimulate neural plasticity. There is a wide use of MSC systemic application or MSCs seeded on scaffolds and tissue bridges made from various synthetic and natural biomaterials, including human decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) or nanofibers. The positive effects of MSC implantation have been recorded in animals with SCI lesions and ALS. Moreover, promising effects of autologous as well as allogenic MSCs for the treatment of SCI and ALS were demonstrated in recent clinical studies.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) treatment influences the phenotype of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from injured rat spinal cord. Adult as well as fetal spinal cords contain a pool of endogenous neural progenitors cells, which play a key role in the neuroregenerative processes following spinal cord injury (SCI) and hold particular promise for therapeutic approaches in CNS injury or neurodegenerative disorders. In our study we used in vitro model to demonstrate the differentiation potential of NPCs isolated from adult rat spinal cord after SCI, treated with ChABC. The intrathecal delivery of ChABC (10 U/ml) was performed at day 1 and 2 after SCI. The present findings indicate that the impact of SCI resulted in a decrease of all NPCs phenotypes and the ChABC treatment, on the contrary, caused an opposite effect.
- MeSH
- chondroitinasa ABC farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- kmenové buňky enzymologie účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- mícha cytologie enzymologie účinky léků MeSH
- neurony enzymologie účinky léků MeSH
- poranění míchy enzymologie farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- astrocyty fyziologie imunologie patologie MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- chondroitinasa ABC MeSH
- chondroitinlyasy genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- imunochemie metody normy MeSH
- neurony fyziologie imunologie patologie MeSH
- oligodendroglie fyziologie imunologie patologie MeSH
- poranění míchy enzymologie genetika MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
