Luteolin and naringenin are flavonoids found in various foods/beverages and present in certain dietary supplements. After a high intake of these flavonoids, their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates reach micromolar concentrations in the bloodstream. Some pharmacokinetic interactions of luteolin and naringenin have been investigated in previous studies; however, only limited data are available in regard to their metabolites. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactions of the sulfate and glucuronic acid conjugates of luteolin and naringenin with human serum albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4) enzymes, and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1 and OATP2B1) transporters. Our main findings are as follows: (1) Sulfate conjugates formed more stable complexes with albumin than the parent flavonoids. (2) Luteolin and naringenin conjugates showed no or only weak inhibitory action on the CYP enzymes examined. (3) Certain conjugates of luteolin and naringenin are potent inhibitors of OATP1B1 and/or OATP2B1 enzymes. (4) Conjugated metabolites of luteolin and naringenin may play an important role in the pharmacokinetic interactions of these flavonoids.
- MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP3A * metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P450 CYP2C19 metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P450 CYP2C9 metabolismus MeSH
- flavonoidy farmakologie MeSH
- glukuronidy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský sérový albumin metabolismus MeSH
- luteolin farmakologie MeSH
- přenašeče organických aniontů * metabolismus MeSH
- sírany metabolismus MeSH
- systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein in circulation. The three most important drug-binding sites on HSA are Sudlow's Site I (subdomain IIA), Sudlow's Site II (subdomain IIIA), and Heme site (subdomain IB). Heme site and Site I are allosterically coupled; therefore, their ligands may be able to allosterically modulate the binding affinity of each other. In this study, the effects of four Heme site ligands (bilirubin, biliverdin, hemin, and methyl orange) on the interaction of the Site I ligand warfarin with HSA were tested, employing fluorescence spectroscopic, ultrafiltration, and ultracentrifugation studies. Our major results/conclusions are the following. (1) Quenching studies indicated no relevant interaction, while the other fluorescent model used suggested that each Heme site ligand strongly decreases the albumin binding of warfarin. (2) Ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation studies demonstrated the complex modulation of warfarin-HSA interaction by the different Heme site markers; for example, bilirubin strongly decreased while methyl orange considerably increased the bound fraction of warfarin. (3) Fluorescence spectroscopic studies showed misleading results in these diligand-albumin interactions. (4) Different Heme site ligands can increase or decrease the albumin binding of warfarin and the outcome can even be concentration dependent (e.g., biliverdin and hemin).
- MeSH
- bilirubin MeSH
- biliverdin * MeSH
- hem metabolismus MeSH
- hemin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- sérový albumin metabolismus MeSH
- warfarin * farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the fruit of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner). Milk thistle extract is the active ingredient of several medications and dietary supplements to treat liver injury/diseases. After the oral administration, flavonolignans are extensively biotransformed, resulting in the formation of sulfate and/or glucuronide metabolites. Previous studies demonstrated that silymarin components form stable complexes with serum albumin and can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Nevertheless, in most of these investigations, silybin was tested; while no or only limited information is available regarding other silymarin components and metabolites. In this study, the interactions of five silymarin components (silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, silychristin, and 2,3-dehydrosilychristin) and their sulfate metabolites were examined with human serum albumin and CYP (2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes. Our results demonstrate that each compound tested forms stable complexes with albumin, and certain silymarin components/metabolites can inhibit CYP enzymes. Most of the sulfate conjugates were less potent inhibitors of CYP enzymes, but 2,3-dehydrosilychristin-19-O-sulfate showed the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP3A4. Based on these observations, the simultaneous administration of high dose silymarin with medications should be carefully considered, because milk thistle flavonolignans and/or their sulfate metabolites may interfere with drug therapy.
- MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP2D6 metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP3A metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P450 CYP2C19 metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P450 CYP2C9 metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- lékové interakce fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský sérový albumin metabolismus MeSH
- silymarin chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- sírany chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- vazba proteinů fyziologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Flavonoids are abundant polyphenols in nature. They are extensively biotransformed in enterocytes and hepatocytes, where conjugated (methyl, sulfate, and glucuronide) metabolites are formed. However, bacterial microflora in the human intestines also metabolize flavonoids, resulting in the production of smaller phenolic fragments (e.g., hydroxybenzoic, hydroxyacetic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and hydroxybenzenes). Despite the fact that several colonic metabolites appear in the circulation at high concentrations, we have only limited information regarding their pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic interactions. Therefore, in this in vitro study, we investigated the interactions of 24 microbial flavonoid metabolites with human serum albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4) enzymes. Our results demonstrated that some metabolites (e.g., 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, pyrogallol, O-desmethylangolensin, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid) form stable complexes with albumin. However, the compounds tested did not considerably displace Site I and II marker drugs from albumin. All CYP isoforms examined were significantly inhibited by O-desmethylangolensin; nevertheless, only its effect on CYP2C9 seems to be relevant. Furthermore, resorcinol and phloroglucinol showed strong inhibitory effects on CYP3A4. Our results demonstrate that, besides flavonoid aglycones and their conjugated derivatives, some colonic metabolites are also able to interact with proteins involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs.
- MeSH
- erytrocyty enzymologie MeSH
- flavonoidy * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- hepatocyty enzymologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský sérový albumin * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH