- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- životní styl * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Vydání první 305 stran : ilustrace ; 20 cm
Publikace se zaměřuje na pandemii COVID-19 a na její sociální aspekty. Určeno široké veřejnosti.; Přední odborníci, lékaři, filozofové či publicisté přinášejí bohatou škálu odpovědí na otázky týkající se koronaviru a zároveň reflektují aspekty společenského vývoje v době světové pandemie a koronavirové krize.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 MeSH
- koronavirové infekce MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- politika MeSH
- sociální problémy MeSH
- sociální změna MeSH
- Publikační typ
- eseje MeSH
- populární práce MeSH
- sbírky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- pneumologie a ftizeologie
- sociologie
- humanitní vědy a umění
- NLK Publikační typ
- kolektivní monografie
In this paper, we pursue an alternative method to measure the Value Added Tax gap in the European Union using the stochastic tax frontier model. We use the Value Added Tax total tax liability as the input to estimate the optimal frontier of the Value Added Tax, as well as to predict technical inefficiency. Using the latest innovations of the stochastic frontier approach, we aim to obtain the accurate size of the Value Added Tax gap in the EU-26 countries and contrast them with extant estimates. The obtained estimates of the Value Added Tax gap using the stochastic tax frontier model are different from the estimates produced by the top-down method to calculate the Value Added Tax gap in the EU. Moreover, the stochastic tax frontier approach allows us to disentangle the Value Added Tax gap, which is time dependent, from the persistent Value Added Tax gap, which is country specific. The stochastic tax frontier model allows us to test the effect of exogenous factors on the technical inefficiency of the Value Added Tax and propose appropriate policy recommendations.
- MeSH
- daně * MeSH
- Evropská unie ekonomika MeSH
- teoretické modely * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Metallothioneins (MTs), low molecular mass cysteine-rich proteins, which are able to bind up to 20 monovalent and up to 7 divalent heavy metal ions are widely studied due to their functions in detoxification of metals, scavenging free radicals and cells protection against the oxidative stress. It was found that the loss of the protective effects of MT leads to an escalation of pathogenic processes and carcinogenesis. The most extensive area is MTs expression for oncological applications, where the information about gene patterns is helpful for the identification biological function, resistance to drugs and creating the correct chemotherapy. In other medical applications the effect of oxidative stress to cell lines exposed to heavy metals and hydrogen peroxide is studied as well as influence of drugs and cytokines on MTs expression and MTs expression in the adipose tissue. The precise detection of low metallothionein concentrations and its isoforms is necessary to understand the connection between quantity and isoforms of MTs to size, localization and type of cancer. This information is necessary for well-timed therapy and increase the chance to survival. Microarray chips appear as good possibility for finding all information about expression of MTs genes and isoforms not only in cancer, but also in other diseases, especially diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, ageing, osteoporosis, psychiatric disorders and as the effects of toxic drugs and pollutants, which is discussed in this review.
