BACKGROUND: The microbiome alterations are associated with cancer growth and may influence the immune system and response to therapy. Particularly, the gut microbiome has been recently shown to modulate response to melanoma immunotherapy. However, the role of the skin microbiome has not been well explored in the skin tumour microenvironment and the link between the gut microbiome and skin microbiome has not been investigated in melanoma progression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine associations between dysbiosis in the skin and gut microbiome and the melanoma growth using MeLiM porcine model of melanoma progression and spontaneous regression. RESULTS: Parallel analysis of cutaneous microbiota and faecal microbiota of the same individuals was performed in 8 to 12 weeks old MeLiM piglets. The bacterial composition of samples was analysed by high throughput sequencing of the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A significant difference in microbiome diversity and richness between melanoma tissue and healthy skin and between the faecal microbiome of MeLiM piglets and control piglets were observed. Both Principal Coordinate Analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed dissimilarities between different bacterial communities. Linear discriminant analysis effect size at the genus level determined different potential biomarkers in multiple bacterial communities. Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Corynebacterium 1 were the most discriminately higher genera in the healthy skin microbiome, while Fusobacterium, Trueperella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Bacteroides were discriminately abundant in melanoma tissue microbiome. Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella were associated with the faecal microbiota of MeLiM piglets. Potential functional pathways analysis based on the KEGG database indicated significant differences in the predicted profile metabolisms between the healthy skin microbiome and melanoma tissue microbiome. The faecal microbiome of MeLiM piglets was enriched by genes related to membrane transports pathways allowing for the increase of intestinal permeability and alteration of the intestinal mucosal barrier. CONCLUSION: The associations between melanoma progression and dysbiosis in the skin microbiome as well as dysbiosis in the gut microbiome were identified. Results provide promising information for further studies on the local skin and gut microbiome involvement in melanoma progression and may support the development of new therapeutic approaches.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- dysbióza mikrobiologie MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- Fusobacterium MeSH
- melanom * MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
National cancer databases document that melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly cutaneous malignancy with worldwide increasing incidence in the Caucasian population. Around 10% of melanomas occur in families. Several germline mutations were identified that might help to indicate individuals at risk for preventive interventions and early disease detection. More than 50% of sporadic melanomas carry mutations in Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MEK) pathway, which may represent aims of novel targeted therapies. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the outcomes in metastatic tumor are still unsatisfactory. Here, we review animal models that help our understanding of melanoma development and treatment, including non-vertebrate, mouse, swine, and other mammal models, with an emphasis on those with spontaneously developing melanoma. Special attention is paid to the melanoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM). This original swine model of hereditary metastatic melanoma enables studying biological processes underlying melanoma progression, as well as spontaneous regression. Current histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, genetic, hematological, immunological, and skin microbiome findings in the MeLiM model are summarized, together with development of new therapeutic approaches based on tumor devitalization. The ongoing study of molecular and immunological base of spontaneous regression in MeLiM model has potential to bring new knowledge of clinical importance.
- MeSH
- melanom genetika MeSH
- miniaturní prasata genetika MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- nádory kůže genetika MeSH
- prasata genetika MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- sekundární malignity genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Incidence maligního melanomu, závažného kožního nádoru, celosvětově narůstá. Léčba tohoto onemocnění při pozdním odhalení je v dnešní době téměř nemožná. Nekódující RNA, dříve považované za „odpad“ evoluce, byly odhaleny jako klíčoví hráči ve většině buněč‑ ných procesů a mohou ovlivňovat i růst a prognózu nádorů. Očekává se, že poznatky v rychle se rozvíjejícím výzkumu nekódujících RNA přispějí k diagnostice a léčbě nádorových onemocnění.
Incidence of malignant melanoma, a very dangerous skin cancer, is rising worldwide. Later stages of melanoma are refractory to thera‑ py. Noncoding RNAs, previously considered as „junk“ RNA, were currently confirmed as key players in almost all cellular processes and may also influence tumour growth and prognosis. Research of noncoding RNAs is expected to contribute to diagnosis and treatment of malignant diseases.
Článek se zabývá komunikací s psychotickým pacientem v přednemocniční péči. V úvodu shrnuje důležité poznatky z psychologie komunikace, zejména pak důležitá doporučení pro verbální a nonverbální komunikaci zvyšující bezpečnost pracovníka v přednemocniční péči. Přináší závěry z kvalitativní analýzy případových studií se zdravotnickými záchranáři, kteří mají zkušenost s pacienty s požadovanou diagnózou, tj. F20 – F29 dle MKN-10. V závěru přináší další doporučení pro komunikace s psychotickým pacientem zejména v přednemocniční péči.
This article deals with communication with psychotic patiens in prehospital care. Summary of important facts of psychology of communication are summarised in the introduction and especially recommmendations concerning safety of the prehospital providers are pointed out according to verbal and nonverbal communication. The paper presents conculusions based on qualitative analyses of case studies of paramedics who have experience with patients with required diagnoses (F20 – F29 according to ICD-10). Futher recommendations for communication with psychotic patiens mainly in prehospital care are listed in the end of the article.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EEF1A) plays a key role in protein synthesis. In higher vertebrates EEF1A occurs in two isoforms, EEF1A1 and EEF1A2, encoded by distinct genes. The purpose of this study was to compare the two porcine genes as for the genomic sequence, gene organization and mRNA expression in different tissues, as well as to search for polymorphism and chromosomal assignment. Standard methods of DNA and mRNA analysis were used. We determined the complete genomic sequence of the porcine EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 genes. The two genes differ in the lengths of transcription units (3102 and 8588 bp, respectively), but have similar genomic organization and their coding sequences are highly similar (78% identity of coding sequences and 92.4% identity of amino acid sequences). Several polymorphisms in the two genes were detected. EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 were mapped to SSC1p11.1 and SSC17q23.3, respectively. mRNA of EEF1A1 was expressed in all studied tissues (the highest expression was in 44-day fetal muscle and low expression in adult liver and brain), while EEF1A2 was expressed only in skeletal-muscle, tongue, heart, diaphragm and brain tissues. EEF1A2 was not expressed in fetal muscle tissue (44 days). In this paper results are provided on genomic sequences, genomic organization, polymorphism, chromosomal assignment and spatial and temporal expressions of the porcine EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 genes. Novel polymorphisms were described in both genes. Porcine EEF1A2 was studied for the first time.
- MeSH
- elongační faktor 1 genetika MeSH
- elongační faktor 2 genetika MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- Sus scrofa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cone-rod dystrophy is a progressive inherited retinal degenerative disorder that occurs in humans and dogs. The deletion in the nephronophthisis 4 (NPHP4) gene was established as a causative mutation in standard wire-haired Dachshunds. We analyzed all varieties of Dachshunds from the Czech Republic and five other dog breeds and found that the deletion in the NPHP4 (in heterozygous state) is present not only in standard-, but also in miniature wire-haired Dachshunds, but not in other varieties of Dachshunds or in other breeds.
- MeSH
- cystická onemocnění ledvin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- delece genu * MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- nemoci psů genetika MeSH
- psi MeSH
- regulace genové exprese fyziologie MeSH
- retinopathia pigmentosa genetika veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
