BACKGROUND: HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to experience human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The persistent HPV infection is the major factor in the development of anal and oropharyngeal neoplasms. Data on the prevalence of anal and oral HPV in MSM are almost absent from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. We conducted a cross-sectional study focused on the prevalence of oral and anal HPV infections and the relationship between current anal and oral HPV intrapersonal infection in a Czech population of predominantly HIV-positive MSM. METHODS: Oral gargle and anal swab samples from 205 predominantly HIV-positive MSM from the Czech Republic were analysed for HPV infection using PCR. Selected sociodemographic and clinical data were correlated with HPV detection using generalized linear models and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: HPV infection was detected in 183 (96.8%) anal and 48 (23.6%) oral samples. The most common type of HR-HPV was HPV16 in both anal (25.4%) and oral (2.5%) samples. Multiple anal HPV infections and the presence of vaccine-targeted HR-HPV types were significantly correlated with abnormal anal cytology and HIV status. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anal HPV infection in Czech predominantly HIV-positive MSM ranks among the highest reported, while oral HPV prevalence is consistent with MSM populations. Minimal overlap of oral and anal HPV types within a patient was observed.
- MeSH
- anální kanál MeSH
- HIV infekce * komplikace epidemiologie diagnóza MeSH
- HIV séropozitivita * epidemiologie MeSH
- homosexualita mužská MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Papillomaviridae genetika MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sexuální a genderové menšiny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Analysis of mycobiome from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies should preferentially detect only fungi which are actually present in the intestine wall, in contrast to stool samples, which are limited by the diet composition. Next generation sequencing provides the advantage of analyzing many species from a single sample. Consequently, canonical correspondence analysis divided fungal genera present in FFPE intestinal tissues into three well-defined experimental groups (negative controls - NC, Crohn's disease - CD, ulcerative colitis - UC). Simultaneously, the analysis showed that particular fungal genera are associated with these experimental groups and several fungal genera occurred in all experimental groups equally. Our results also showed a noticeable increase of Ascomycota proportion from NC, through CD to UC. Fungal genera Malassezia, Cladosporium and Toninia occurred in all experimental groups assuming that they are common components of the intestinal mycobiome. Other fungal genera found only in the NC experimental group were non-pathogenic and might bring some benefits. In contrast, CD and UC samples were characterized by an accumulation of genera with inhibitive effects on growth of other fungal genera and the presence of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, a decrease in the fungal genus Malassezia in inflammatory tissues was observed; Specifically, the UC experimental group showed a connection between the presence of Candida and seven time's lower amounts of Malassezia (compared to amounts found in NC). The CD experimental group was characterized by the simultaneous presence of Engyodontium album with Lecanicillium, and indicates a possible pathogenic effect of Ramularia in disease development.LAY SUMMARY: Mycobiome analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies may highlight actual fungal genera composition in the intestinal wall. Interestingly, experimental groups of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis clearly differed by structure of their mycobiomes.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * MeSH
- biopsie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mykobiom * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- střeva MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In animals, behavioural personality traits have been well-documented in a wide array of species. However, these traits, different between individuals, are not completely stable in individuals. They show behavioural plasticity like many other phenotypic traits. This plasticity is able to overcome some weak aspects of personality trait behavioural strategy. In the present study, we examined the relationship between motor personality traits and behavioural plasticity in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) using a PhenoTyper (PT) box (Noldus). During a three-day test, four behavioural motor activity parameters were monitored in 47 voles: distance moved, (loco)motion duration, motion change frequency, sprint duration. Consistency repeatability (RC) of the parameters from the PT test was very high, with all values ≥ 0.91. To select the best linear mixed-effect models (LMMs), several predictors (test day, sex, body weight) were tested. Only test day had a significant effect on the dependent variables and other predictors did not improve the LMMs. Further, we found significant effects of random intercepts (motor personality traits) and slopes (behavioural plasticity), as well as significant negative correlations between them for all behavioural parameters. Our results indicate that motor personality traits were connected with behavioural plasticity. Moreover, we revealed a significant positive correlation between the random slopes of (loco)motion duration and motion change frequency. This relationship could indicate some central plasticity of motor personality traits. In conclusion, negative correlations between the motor personality traits and the behavioural plasticity demonstrate expression of convergent tendency from both opposite trait values. This corresponds with different ideas on ability to compensate personality effects or to prepare for potential future conditions. In the laboratory, plasticity of personality traits take place whenever an animal is placed e. g. in a breeding box for the first time or is left for a long time in an experimental apparatus.
- MeSH
- Arvicolinae * MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- osobnost MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In altricial birds, energy supply during growth is a major predictor of the physical condition and survival prospects of fledglings. A number of experimental studies have shown that nestling body mass and wing length can vary with particular extrinsic factors, but between-year observational data on this topic are scarce. Based on a seven-year observational study in a central European Tengmalm's owl population we examine the effect of year, brood size, hatching order, and sex on nestling body mass and wing length, as well as the effect of prey abundance on parameters of growth curve. We found that nestling body mass varied among years, and parameters of growth curve, i.e. growth rate and inflection point in particular, increased with increasing abundance of the owl's main prey (Apodemus mice, Microtus voles), and pooled prey abundance (Apodemus mice, Microtus voles, and Sorex shrews). Furthermore, nestling body mass varied with hatching order and between sexes being larger for females and for the first-hatched brood mates. Brood size had no effect on nestling body mass. Simultaneously, we found no effect of year, brood size, hatching order, or sex on the wing length of nestlings. Our findings suggest that in this temperate owl population, nestling body mass is more sensitive to prey abundance than is wing length. The latter is probably more limited by the physiology of the species.
- MeSH
- Arvicolinae fyziologie MeSH
- biologické jevy fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologické jevy fyziologie MeSH
- hnízdění fyziologie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- rozmnožování fyziologie MeSH
- sexuální chování fyziologie MeSH
- Stringiformes růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We examined the presence of possible Recent refugia of Pleistocene mammalian faunas in Eurasia by analysing regional differences in the mammalian species composition, occurrence and extinction rates between Recent and Last Glacial faunas. Our analyses revealed that most of the widespread Last Glacial species have survived in the central Palearctic continental regions, most prominently in Altai-Sayan (followed by Kazakhstan and East European Plain). The Recent Altai-Sayan and Kazakhstan regions show species compositions very similar to their Pleistocene counterparts. The Palearctic regions have lost 12% of their mammalian species during the last 109,000 years. The major patterns of the postglacial changes in Palearctic mammalian diversity were not extinctions but rather radical shifts of species distribution ranges. Most of the Pleistocene mammalian fauna retreated eastwards, to the central Eurasian steppes, instead of northwards to the Arctic regions, considered Holocene refugia of Pleistocene megafauna. The central Eurasian Altai and Sayan mountains could thus be considered a present-day refugium of the Last Glacial biota, including mammals.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- pastviny * MeSH
- savci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kazachstán MeSH
- Sibiř MeSH
Pleistocene mammalian communities display unique features which differ from present-day faunas. The paleocommunities were characterized by the extraordinarily large body size of herbivores and predators and by their unique structure consisting of species now inhabiting geographically and ecologically distinct natural zones. These features were probably the result of the unique environmental conditions of ice age ecosystems. To analyze the ecological structure of Last Glacial and Recent mammal communities we classified the species into biome and trophic-size categories, using Principal Component analysis. We found a marked similarity in ecological structure between Recent eastern Altai-Sayan mammalian assemblages and comparable Pleistocene faunas. The composition of Last Glacial and Recent eastern Altai-Sayan assemblages were characterized by the occurrence of large herbivore and predator species associated with steppe, desert and alpine biomes. These three modern biomes harbor most of the surviving Pleistocene mammals. None of the analyzed Palearctic Last Glacial faunas showed affinity to the temperate forest, taiga, or tundra biome. The Eastern part of the Altai-Sayan region could be considered a refugium of the Last Glacial-like mammalian assemblages. Glacial fauna seems to persist up to present in those areas where the forest belt does not separate alpine vegetation from the steppes and deserts.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- ledový příkrov * MeSH
- savci klasifikace MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
Several sunbird species (Nectariniidae) exhibit group display, but the function of this behaviour still remains unclear. We test two hypotheses (reproductive tactic and joint territory defence) to explain the function of this behaviour using data gathered on Northern Double-collared Sunbirds (Cinnyris reichenowi) from the Cameroon Mountains. Sunbirds exhibited group display throughout the breeding cycle. Groups of birds were mainly comprised of neighbouring pairs aggregated at territory boundaries. The frequency of group displays varied significantly among individuals and over the breeding cycle, with the highest frequency during the pre-breeding period and the lowest during egg-laying (∼female's fertile period). Time spent on group display was significantly longer at the end of breeding. Off-territory forays were recorded for both males and females, males significantly increased the time spent on these forays during incubation. Extra-pair copulations were recorded only in five cases for females (4%) suggesting that most off-territory forays were motivated by feeding on nectar in neighbouring territories. Therefore, we suggest that the behaviour is used for joint territory defence rather than as an information centre for choosing mates for extra-pair copulations. Its function for choosing primary mates is also unlikely, because group displays were mainly observed in complete pairs.
- MeSH
- agrese psychologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- fertilita fyziologie MeSH
- hnízdění fyziologie MeSH
- kopulace MeSH
- námluvy psychologie MeSH
- Passeriformes fyziologie MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- teritorialita MeSH
- vokalizace zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
