Background: Social influences are among the most important factors associated with children's and adolescents' smoking. Social norms in families, peer groups, professional and municipal communities influence the individuals ones by the process of socialization obtained mainly by interactions and observations. Especially social context of the home environment expressed by household smoking restriction serves as a socialization mechanism that dissuades from the using of tobacco. Parental anti-smoking socialization practices (their attitudes and knowledge about children smoking, discussion about smoking in appropriate quality and frequency, smoking environment in homes) are influenced by their education and family status. Methods: Markers of social environment (the level of mothers' and fathers' education, family status) were investigated during interview with 5th graders included in the cohort participating in the programme "Non-smoking Is Normal". Data about the self-reported exposure to passive smoking at homes and cars were taken into consideration. Information about discussions with parents about smoking, opinions about adults smoking, experimentation with smoking, and concurrent decision about smoking in the future were obtained from 766 children aged 11 years. Those who did not know parental education or family status were excluded from the evaluation. Differences were evaluated using the chi-square, Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher and Yates corrected tests in the statistic software Epi Info, version 6. Results: The level of mothers' and fathers' education significantly influenced the exposure of children to passive smoking. Compared to families of higher educated parents, children living in families with middle and low levels of parents' education were significantly more exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and in car (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.04–1.83) and fewer of them live in non-smoking environments. In the whole cohort, 67.5% children have not smoked even one puff yet, 17.2% reported one single attempt, and 15.4% smoked repeatedly. The level of parents' education had no influence on children's concurrent smoking experimentation or on their concurrent decision about smoking in the future. There was also no difference in number of children who obtained cigarettes from their parents and parents' level of education (about 6%). When the level of maternal education was combined with the family status, significant differences were found. Compared to children living with two biological parents (highly educated mother), children from other groups more often reported current experimentating with smoking and lower number of those decided not to smoke in the future. No significant differences were found in other markers of knowledge and attitudes between children from analysed social family groups. Conclusion: In our study, the parental education has significantly influenced exposure of children to passive smoking at homes and in cars, but had no effect on children's opinions and attitudes about smoking. Higher education of mothers and family status significantly lowered the frequency of current experimentation and decision about future smoking among children living in families with two biological parents of whom mother attained higher education. It is necessary to seek ways for improving parental concern about smoking prevention.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kouření epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rodina MeSH
- sociální prostředí MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Expozice dětí pasivnímu kouření významným způsobem zvyšuje výskyt mnoha onemocnění, včetně zánětů středního ucha. Prokázaly to nejen četné epidemiologické studie, ale i odhalení mechanismů, kterými tzv. environmentální tabákový kouř onemocnění vyvolává. Nejvíce jsou k působení chemických škodlivin obsažených v cigaretovém kouři vnímaví kojenci, batolata a děti v předškolním věku. Záněty středního ucha, zejména pokud se opakují či přecházejí do chronického stádia, mohou vést k následnému poškození sluchu, být provázeny meningeálními komplikacemi, zatěžují vyvíjející se organismus dítěte; bolest, která je obvykle provází, případně nutnost hospitalizace představují pro děti psychický stres. Legislativní opatření omezující kouření na veřejných místech nejsou účinná pro ochranu dětí, které jsou exponovány především v domácím prostředí. V některých zemích probíhá úspěšně kampaň „Smoke-free homes“ a „Smoke-free cars“, motivující kuřáky, aby nikdy nekouřili v přítomnosti dětí, a vybízející kuřáky, aby přestali kouřit. Tato strategie vyžaduje účinnou podporu lékařů, zejména těch, kteří pečují o děti. Měli by rutinně upozorňovat kouřící rodiče svých malých pacientů na to, že své děti významně poškozují.
Children!s exposure to passive smoking significantly enhances their morbidity, including otitis media. The relationships were well documented not only by many epidemiologic studies, but also by the understanding of mechanisms of the environmental tobacco smoke action. Newborns, infants, and pre-school children are the most vulnerable population to the effects of dangerous chemicals in cigarette smoke. Both acute and chronic forms of otitis media may initiate the hearing damages and may be complicated by meningitis. Attacks of otitis media are a load on a developmental process, accompanying pain and urgent hospitalisation are the psychical stress for the child. Bans of smoking on public places are not effective for the protection of children, as they are mostly exposed at their homes. In some countries, the programmes „Smoke-Free Homes“ and „Smoke-free cars“ successfully motivate smokers to do not smoke when children are present, and/or to stop smoke. This strategy needs the effective support by physicians, namely of those who take care about children. The warning about hazards of children´s exposure to second-hand smoke should be the routine part of their consulting.
- Klíčová slova
- praktická doporučení,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- epidemiologické studie MeSH
- inhalační expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kouření škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- otitis media epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- podpora zdraví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- programy Healthy People MeSH
- rodiče výchova MeSH
- tabák škodlivé účinky MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
