Plants consistently synthesize and accumulate medically valuable secondary metabolites which can be isolated and clinically tested under in vitro conditions. An advancement with such important phytochemical production has been recognized and utilized as herbal drugs. Bioactive andrographolide (AGL; C20H30O5) isolated from Andrographis paniculate (AP) (Kalmegh) is a diterpenoid lactones having multifunctional medicinal properties including anti-manic, anti-inflammatory, liver, and lung protective. AGL is known for its immunostimulant activity against a variety of microbial infections thereby, regulating classical and alternative macrophage activation, Ag-specific antibody production during immune disorder therapy. In vitro studies with AGL found it to be effective against multiple tumors, neuronal disorders, diabetes, pneumonia, fibrosis, and other diverse therapeutic misadventures. Generally, virus-based diseases like ZIKA, influenza A virus subtype (H1NI), Ebola (EBOV), Dengue (DENV), and coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics have greatly increased scientific interest and demands to develop more effective and economical immunomodulating drugs with minimal side effects. Trials and in vitro pharmacological studies with AGL and medicinally beneficial herbs might contribute to benefit the human population without using chemical-based synthetic drugs. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of AGL as a promising herbal-chemo remedy during human diseases, viral infections and as an immunity booster.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- diterpeny chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků MeSH
- léčivé rostliny chemie imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- virové nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The cyanobacterial small CAB-like proteins (SCPs) are single-helix membrane proteins mostly associated with the photosystem II (PSII) complex that accumulate under stress conditions. Their function is still ambiguous although they are assumed to regulate chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis and/or to protect PSII against oxidative damage. In this study, the effect of SCPs on the PSII-specific light-induced damage and generation of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) was assessed in the strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacking PSI (PSI-less strain) or lacking PSI together with all SCPs (PSI-less/scpABCDE(-) strain). The light-induced oxidative modifications of the PSII D1 protein reflected by a mobility shift of the D1 protein and by generation of a D1-cytochrome b-559 adduct were more pronounced in the PSI-less/scpABCDE(-) strain. This increased protein oxidation correlated with a faster formation of (1)O(2) as detected by the green fluorescence of Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green assessed by a laser confocal scanning microscopy and by electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique using 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (TEMPD) as a spin trap. In contrast, the formation of hydroxyl radicals was similar in both strains. Our results show that SCPs prevent (1)O(2) formation during PSII damage, most probably by the binding of free Chl released from the damaged PSII complexes.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- cytochromy typu b metabolismus MeSH
- fotosystém I - proteinový komplex fyziologie MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- hydroxylový radikál metabolismus MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- singletový kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- Synechocystis metabolismus fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- tylakoidy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) scavenging activity of plastoquinol in photosystem II (PSII) of higher plants was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping technique. It is demonstrated here that illumination of spinach PSII membranes deprived of intrinsic plastoquinone results in ¹O₂ formation, as monitored by TEMPONE EPR signal. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous plastoquinol (PQH₂-1) to PQ-depleted PSII membranes significantly suppressed TEMPONE EPR signal. The presence of exogenous plastoquinols with a different side-chain length (PQH₂-n, n isoprenoid units in the side chain) caused a similar extent of ¹O₂ scavenging activity. These observations reveal that plastoquinol exogenously added to PQ-depleted PSII membranes serves as efficient scavenger of ¹O₂.
- MeSH
- buněčná membrána účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- elektronová paramagnetická rezonance MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex chemie metabolismus MeSH
- plastochinon analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- scavengery volných radikálů farmakologie MeSH
- singletový kyslík chemie MeSH
- spin trapping MeSH
- Spinacia oleracea chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The effect of water-splitting Mn complex on light-induced redox changes of cytochrome b(559) (cyt b(559)) was studied in spinach photosystem II (PSII) membranes. Photoreduction of the heme iron in the intact PSII membranes was completely suppressed by DCMU, whereas photoreduction and photooxidation of the heme iron in the Mn-depleted PSII membranes were unaffected by DCMU. Interestingly, photoreduction and photooxidation of the heme iron in the Mn-depleted PSII membranes were completely diminished by exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas no effect of SOD on photoreduction of the heme iron was observed in the intact PSII membranes. The current work shows that the light-induced redox changes of cyt b(559) proceed via a different mechanism in the both types of PSII membranes. In the intact PSII membranes, photoreduction of the heme iron is mediated by plastoquinol. However, in the Mn-depleted PSII membranes, photoreduction and photooxidation of the heme iron are mediated by superoxide anion radical formed in PSII.
- MeSH
- cytochromy typu b chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex chemie metabolismus MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- mangan nedostatek metabolismus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- Spinacia oleracea metabolismus MeSH
- voda metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
